Journal is indexed in following databases:
- SCOPUS
- Web of Science Core Collection - Journal Citation Reports
- EBSCOhost
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- TRID Database - Transportation Research Board
- Index Copernicus Journals Master List
- BazTech
- Google Scholar
2023 Journal Impact Factor - 0.7
2023 CiteScore - 1.4
ISSN 2083-6473
ISSN 2083-6481 (electronic version)
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editor
Prof. Tomasz Neumann
Published by
TransNav, Faculty of Navigation
Gdynia Maritime University
3, John Paul II Avenue
81-345 Gdynia, POLAND
e-mail transnav@umg.edu.pl
How Does Maritime Situation Awareness Depend on Navigation Automation and Mental Workload? A Sea Simulator Experiment
G. Müller-Plath 1
, J. Lehleitner 1
, J. Maier 1
, J. Silva-Löbling 1
, H. Zhang 1
, X. Zhang 1
, S. Zhou 1
, J. Lehleitner 1
, J. Maier 1
, J. Silva-Löbling 1
, H. Zhang 1
, X. Zhang 1
, S. Zhou 1
1 Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
ABSTRACT: A good situation awareness (SA) of the navigator is essential for the safety of the ship, especially in coastal areas. In this study, the Unity 3D engine was used to simulate the navigation of a coastal trading vessel along predefined routes in the Baltic Sea. The SA of the helmsman, who was either Chinese or European, was assessed several times with the SAGAT test (Endsley, 1995b, 20-21) and compared between low and high workload conditions and between manual and autopilot navigation. High workload and automated navigation both reduced SA significantly and in an additive manner. No difference was found between Chinese and European participants. In contrast to previous accident analyses of SA, we found that SA level 3 (projection of future states) was most strongly affected by both factors, while SA levels 1 (perception of relevant information) and 2 (comprehension of the current situation) suffered to a lesser extent. Further research is needed to establish specific relationships between types of automation on ships, types of workload, and SA problems in order to design countermeasures.
KEYWORDS: Mental Workload (MWL), Autopilot, Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), Situation Awareness (SA), Simulation Experiment, Autoroute Navigation, Ironies of Automation, Maritime Human Factors
REFERENCES
Aylward, K., Weber, R., Lundh, M., MacKinnon, S.N., & Dahlman, J. 2022). Navigators’ views of a collision avoidance decision support system for maritime navigation. The Journal of Navigation, 1-14. - doi:10.1017/S0373463322000510
Butler, G.L., Read, G.J., & Salmon, P.M. 2022. Understanding the systemic influences on maritime pilot decision-making. Applied Ergonomics, 104, 103827. - doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103827
Burmeister, H.-C., Grundmann, R., Hochgeschurz, S., Hohnrath, P., Ujkani, A. 2021. Increasing Maritime Situational Awareness by Augmented Reality Solutions. Hamburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Center for Maritime Logistics and Services CML
Butt, N., Johnson, D., Pike, K., Pryce-Roberts, N., & Vigar, N. 2013. 15 Years of Shipping Accidents: A review for WWF. Southampton Solent University. http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/15_years_of_shipping_accidents_a_review_for_wwf_.pdf. Last access 08 April 2023.
Clemente, S., Loia, V., & Veniero, M. 2014. Applying cognitive situation awareness to collision avoidance for harbour last-mile area safety. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 5, 741-745. - doi:10.1007/s12652-013-0187-6
European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) 2022. Annual Overview of Marine Casualties and Incidents 2021. https://www.emsa.europa.eu/we-do/safety/accident-investigation/download/6955/4266/23.html. Last access 08 April 2023.
Endsley, M.R.. 1995a. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors 37(1): 32-64. - doi:10.1518/001872095779049543
Endsley, M.R. 1995b. Measurement of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors 37(1): 65-84. - doi:10.1518/001872095779049499
Endsley, M.R. 2021. A systematic review and meta-analysis of direct objective measures of situation awareness: A comparison of SAGAT and SPAM. Human Factors, 63(1), 124-150. - doi:10.1177/0018720819875376
Endsley, M.R. & Jones, D.G. 2011: SA Demons: The Enemies of Situation Awareness. In: Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design, ch. 3, pp. 31–41. Boca Raton: CRC Press. - doi:10.1201/b11371-3
Endsley, M.R. & Kaber, D.B. 1999. Level of automation effects on performance, situational awareness and workload in a dynamic control task’, Ergonomics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 462-492. - doi:10.1080/001401399185595
Endsley, M.R. & Kiris, E.O. 1995. The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation. Human Factors, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 381–394. - doi:10.1518/001872095779064555
Fan, S., Blanco-Davis, E., Fairclough, S., Zhang, J., Yan, X., Wang, J., & Yang, Z. 2023. Incorporation of seafarer psychological factors into maritime safety assessment. Ocean & Coastal Management, 237, 106515. - doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106515
Grech, M. & Horberry, T. 2002. Human error in maritime operations: Situation awareness and accident reports. Paper presented at the 5th International Workshop on Human Error, Safety and Systems Development, Newcastle, Australia.
Grech, M. R., Horberry, T. J., & Koester, T. 2008. Human factors in the maritime domain. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Kartoglu, C., Senol, Y.E., & Kum, S. 2022. Situational awareness of navigators in high-speed craft bridge navigation operations. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 1-15. - doi:10.1080/18366503.2022.2080371
Kizilay, F.E., Arslan, O., Akyuz, E., & Kececi, T. 2023. Prediction of human error probabilitiy for officers during watchkeeping process under SLIM approach. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 1-18. - doi:10.1080/18366503.2023.2168357
Müller-Plath, G., Jung, D. & Müller, M. 2018. Research-based design and usability guidelines for electronic charting systems (ECS) in yachting and boating. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, 10, 32-48.
Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B., & Wickens, C.D. 2008. Situation awareness, mental workload, and trust in automation: Viable, empirically supported cognitive engineering constructs. Journal of cognitive engineering and decision making, 2(2), 140-160. - doi:10.1518/155534308X284417
Posten, H. O. (1984). Robustness of the two-sample t-test. In: D. Rasch & M.L. Tiku (eds.). Robustness of statistical methods and nonparametric statistics: 92-99. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. - doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6528-7_23
Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and management. BMJ, 320, 768-770. - doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.768
Stratmann, T. C. & Boll, S. 2016. Demon Hunt-The Role of Endsley’s Demons of Situation Awareness in Maritime Accidents. In 6th International Conference on Human-Centred Software Engineering (HCSE)/8th International Conference on Human Error, Safety, and System Development (HESSD) (pp. 203-212). Springer International Publishing. - doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44902-9_13
Wickens, C. D. (2002). Situation awareness and workload in aviation. Current directions in psychological science, 11(4), 128-133. - doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00184
William, H. H. 1959. Industrial accident prevention: A scientific approach. Boston: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Citation note:
Müller-Plath G., Lehleitner J., Maier J., Silva-Löbling J., Zhang H., Zhang X., Zhou S.: How Does Maritime Situation Awareness Depend on Navigation Automation and Mental Workload? A Sea Simulator Experiment. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 17, No. 4, doi:10.12716/1001.17.04.23, pp. 963-969, 2023
Authors in other databases:
6507350915
av6HAcMAAAAJJohannes Lehleitner:
Julian Maier:
Jannes Silva-Löbling:
Hao Zhang:
XiaoXiao Zhang:
Shiqing Zhou:
Other publications of authors:
File downloaded 207 times
