Journal is indexed in following databases:
- SCOPUS
- Web of Science Core Collection - Journal Citation Reports
- EBSCOhost
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- TRID Database - Transportation Research Board
- Index Copernicus Journals Master List
- BazTech
- Google Scholar
2023 Journal Impact Factor - 0.7
2023 CiteScore - 1.4
ISSN 2083-6473
ISSN 2083-6481 (electronic version)
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editor
Prof. Tomasz Neumann
Published by
TransNav, Faculty of Navigation
Gdynia Maritime University
3, John Paul II Avenue
81-345 Gdynia, POLAND
e-mail transnav@umg.edu.pl
Environmentally Friendly Cruise Seaports in Northern Europe – Onshore Power Supply
1 Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
ABSTRACT: The investment policy applied by seaport authorities has a great impact on the state of the natural environment in coastal regions. Unfortunately, in many cases, their environmental efforts are limited to the issues which are defined by the applicable legal regulations determined by International Maritime Organization, the Organization of United Nations and the European Commission etc.
However, in recent years we can observe significant improvement in this area, especially in the seaports of Northern Europe. They often decide on highly capital-intensive pro-ecological investments allowing to reduce the level of pollution emitted from cruise ships during their handling in ports, such as e. g. the opportunity of connecting vessels to the shore-side energy supply systems. Various solutions in this area are currently used in the world. The ports in Northern Europe are currently the leaders in this area. The use of such solutions is cost-intensive, but it significantly reduces the level of pollution emitted by ships into the environment, and the level of noise and vibration caused by engines. This paper aims to assess the seaports' involvement in Northern Europe in the preparation of seaport infrastructure enabling cruise ships to be connected to the onshore power supply systems. The article contains the results of surveys conducted with the use of two methods to adjust the research technique to the respondents’ needs, i.e. CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing) and EMS (Electronic Mail Survey). The empirical research was conducted among the seaports in Northern Europe. The results of the survey may be of interest to seaport authorities and cruise ship owners.
KEYWORDS: Port Infrastructure, Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency, Cruise Seaports, Cruise Shipping, Environmental Sustainability, Onshore power supply, Environmental Ship Index
REFERENCES
Abu Bakar N.,N.,, Bazmohammadi N., Vasquez, J.C., Guerrero, J., (2023). Electrification of onshore power systems in maritime transportation towards decarbonization of ports: A review of the cold ironing technology, , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 178,, 113243, 1-16. - doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113243
Barone, G., Buonomano, A.,Forzano, C., Palombo, A.(2021). Implementing the dynamic simulation approach for the design and optimization of ships energy systems: Methodology and applicability to modern cruise ships, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 150, 111488, - doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111488
Bazari, D.Z. (2020). Consultant, R. Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. In Proceedings of the National Workshop (Virtual) on Ratification and Effective Implementation of MARPOL Annex VI for Algeria, 26 November; 89.
Buhaug, Ø., Corbett, J.J., Endresen, Ø., Eyring, V., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., Lee, D.S., Lee, D.; Lindstad, H., Mjelde, A. (2008). Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships: Phase I Report; IMO: London, UK. 2–25.
CLIA (2022). Spotlight On Responsible Tourism, Sustainability, 2021 State of The Cruise Industry Outlook, Miami. 11-12.
CMP and the City of Copenhagen (2015). City & Port Development, CMP and the City of Copenhagen. Options for Establishing Shore Power for Cruise Ships in Port of Copenahgen Nordhavn; City & Port Development: Copenhagen, Denmark. 7–56.
Cruise Baltic (2023). Pier information, Available online: https://www.cruisebaltic.com/allportinfo [Accessed: 12.03.2023].
ESI Administration (2018). Environmental Ship Index. Available online: https://environmentalshipindex.org [Accessed: 12.03.2023].
European Parliament (2019). Communication from the Commission, The European Green Deal, COM(2019) 640 final.
Friends of the Earth (2021) Cruise Ship Report Card, Available online: https://foe.org/projects/cruise-ships. [Accessed: 12.03.2023].
Gutierrez-Romero, J.E., Esteve-Pérez, J., Zamora, B. (2019.) Implementing Onshore Power Supply from renewable energy sources for requirements of ships at berth, Applied Energy, Volume 255. 113883. - doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113883
IMO (2015), Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, Marine Environment Protection Committee; IMO Publications and Documents: Resolution MEPC.259(68).
Italy to ban large cruise ships in centre of Venice to protect lagoon, Issued on: 13/07/2021, Available online: https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210713-italy-to-ban-large-cruise-ships-in-centre-of-venice-to-protect-lagoon. [Accessed: 20.03.2023].
Jayaram, V.; Agrawal, H.; Welch, W.A.; Miller, J.W.; Cocker, D.R. (2011). Real-Time Gaseous, PM and Ultrafine Particle Emissions from a Modern Marine Engine Operating on Biodiesel. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 2286–2292. - doi:10.1021/es1026954
Kizielewicz, J. (2022). Monitoring Energy Efficiency and Environmental Ship Index by Cruise Seaports in Northern Europe. Energies, 15, 4215. - doi:10.3390/en15124215
Kizielewicz, J., Skrzeszewska, K. (2021). Identifying Actions to Prepare Electricity Infrastructure in Seaports for Future Power Supplying Cruise Ships with Energy from Land. Energies, 14, 8173. https:// doi.org/10.3390/en14238173 - doi:10.3390/en14238173
Kurt, I.; Boulougouris, E.; Turan, O. (2015). Cost Based Analysis of the Offshore Port System. [In:] Proceedings of the ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, St. John’s, NL, Canada,; Volume 3. - doi:10.1115/OMAE2015-41159
Luo, N., Li, H., Zhang, H. (2014). Research on Grounding of Shore-to-Ship Power Supply System Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 02(04), 612-615, DOI: 10.4236/jpee.2014.24082 - doi:10.4236/jpee.2014.24082
Micheli, D., Clemente, S., Taccani, R., (2022). Novel Technologies for Low Carbon Shipping, Chapter 2 - Energy systems on board ships, 27-78. - doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824471-5.00008-6
Murkam Port (2023). Cruise, Available online: https://www.mukran-port.de/en/en-sea-port.html#aid_3497 [Accessed: 12.03.2023].
Ortiz-Imedio, R., Caglayan, D., G., Ortiz, A. Heinrichs, H., Robinius, M., Stolten, D., Ortiz, I. (2021). Power-to-Ships: Future electricity and hydrogen demands for shipping on the Atlantic coast of Europe in 2050, Energy, Volume 228, 12066. - doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120660
Port of Kiel (2023). Blue Port, On-shore power facilities, Available online: https://www.portofkiel.com/blue-port-en/shore-power-facilities.html [Accessed: 16.04.2023].
Port of Kiel (2023). Overview Cruise Terminals, Available online: https://www.portofkiel.com/harbours-terminals.html [Accessed: 12.03.2023].
Port of Rostock (2023). Shore-side electricity supply facility for cruise liners officially commissioned in Warnemünde, Available online: https://rostock-port.de/en/sustainability/environment/shore-power [Accessed: 16.04.2023].
Schmidt, J., Steenbeck, M., Borsch, M., Hofmann, S., Kroh, M. (2019). Green Cruise Port Action Plan 2030, Final Report, HPC Hamburg Port Consulting GmbH.
Tarnapowicz, D., German-Galkin, S. (2018). International Standardization In The Design Of “Shore To Ship”- Power Supply Systems Of Ships In Port, Management Systems in Production, Engineering, Volume 26, Issue 1, 9-13. DOI: 10.2478/mspe-2018-0001 - doi:10.2478/mspe-2018-0001
The Port of Bremen (2023), Cruise Terminal, modern, secure, purpose-built, Available online: https://www.bremenports.de/en/ports/bremerhaven, [Accessed: 20.03.2023].
United Nations (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030, Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1, 5-38.
Wang, L., Liang, Ch., Shi, J. Molavi, A.,Lim, G., Zhang, Y. (2021). A bilevel hybrid economic approach for optimal deployment of onshore power supply in maritime ports, Applied Energy, Volume 292, 116892. - doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116892
Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Murphy, P. C., Herndon, S. C., & Zahniser, M. S. (2009). Emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, and HCHO from commercial marine shipping during Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114(D21). doi:10.1029/2009jd012094 - doi:10.1029/2009JD012094
Ystmark, K., Seter, B. (2021). Policy and politics in energy transitions. A case study on shore power in Oslo, Energy Policy, 26 March, 1-13. - doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112259
Zarząd Morskiego Portu Gdynia S.A. (2023). Bunkrowanie LNG i energia elektryczna, Available online: https://www.port.gdynia.pl/bunkrowanie-lng-i-energia-elektryczna/ [Accessed: 15.03.2023].
Citation note:
Kizielewicz J.: Environmentally Friendly Cruise Seaports in Northern Europe – Onshore Power Supply. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 17, No. 2, doi:10.12716/1001.17.02.12, pp. 357-363, 2023
Authors in other databases: