409
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Thepurposeofstudy
Thepurposeoftheresearch,inthefirstpart,istotest
and evaluate the new generation of microsensors in
the fieldof airmonitoring andhealth monitoring in
the working conditions on board the ship. The
reduced costs, the accuracy of the
increased reading
ofdataandtheeaseincommunicationmakethenew
generationofsensorsveryeasytointegrateintoand
tothesystemsofmonitoring,alarmandtransmission
dataalreadyintegratedintotheconstructionofships.
The quantity, quality, spatial and speed of the
optinated data can successfully replace
the old
cumbersomeproceduresforanalysingtheairquality
andmonitoringthebiometricvaluesofthepersonnel
servingtheship.
A set of instruments, consisting of two separate
units, a fixed one to continuously observe the air
parametersintheworkingareasontheshipsandthe
otherfurniture,attachedto
thehand(arm),tomonitor
the8biometricvaluesoftheworkerservingtheship
andworkingInthemonitoredareaweredevelopedto
obtain a better picture of the working conditions on
boardshipsandareal‐timemonitoringofthehealth
status(andstresstoeffort)ofthe
workersontheship.
Thedatathuscollectedcanbecorroboratedforthe
performance of safety strategies and the creation of
low‐riskworkingconditions.
Two identical sets were built and mounted in a
ship. (along with a wide range of sophisticated
monitoring and calibration tools.) The instruments
were exposed to
common sources of pollution from
the inside, in a semi‐controlled experiment and
duringthenormalexploitationoftheship.
The Impact of Quality Air in The Engine Room on the
Crew
M.Panaitescu&F.V.Panaitescu
M
aritimeUniversity,Constanta,Romania
M.V.Dumitrescu&V.N.Panaitescu
PolitehnicaUniversity,Bucharest,Romania
ABSTRACT: A The novelty of this study consists in the fact that, at the same time as the monitoring and
acquisitionofdataoftheairquality(frominsideandoutside),amonitoringandacquisitionofdataofthereal‐
timebiometricmeasurementsofsubjectsexposeddirectly
totheneedlewillbemade.Mediumbymeansofa
braceletattached to thesubjectʹsarm.This bracelet isdesignedtoperform biometric measurementswithout
creatingdiscomforttothesubjectsanalyzedintheactivitiesinwhichtheyareinvolved.Thismeasurementis
carried out with9 different sensors
for: pulse, oxygenin the blood, air flow (breathing), body temperature,
electrocardiogram,galvanicskinresponse,bloodpressure,thepatientʹsposition/movement,andthestatusof
muscle(electromyographysensor).ThedatathusobtainedwillbefocusedonaPCandsubsequentlyanalyzed.
Theresultsofmonitoringthehealthparametersofthesubjects
analyzedfindapplicationinthemaritimefield,
toships,especiallyintheengineroom,wheretheairsuffersqualitytransformations.Thecrewʹsreturntothe
workplacemaydecreaseduetothedegradationoftheairqualityinthepremises.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 13
Number 2
June 2019
DOI:10.12716/1001.13.02.19
410
The results indicate that each sensor does not
requireindividualcalibration.
The readings made by them fall within the error
marginsspecifiedbythemanufacturer.
Thus the sensor responses were very consistent
andcorrelatedwithmuchmorecostlytools.
The combination of the data provided by the
sensorsisstill
beinganalyzed.
1.2 Necessityandtimelinessofthestudy
Thetechnologyformonitoringthequalityofclassical
airhasreacheditstechnologicalandcostlimits.
Asspatialmonitoringimproves,pollutionsources,
dispersion patterns and health effects can be better
addressed,whilereducingdependencyonpredictive
models. Thus, the need to
complement and
supplement the conventional air quality monitoring
networks,withalternative,punctual,localapproaches
capable of capturing fine changes in these levels of
variabilityandfromMicrosystemsofEnvironment.
Passive sampling assemblies, mobile monitoring
andemergingsensorytechnologiesareallapproaches
thathavebeenusedtoaddressspatialcoverage.
Thesensor
markethas flourished in recent years,
resulting in air quality, economic, low‐power,
miniature,autonomous(andusually easy toconnect
to the Internet) monitoring units. Although these
units were less precise when marketed for the first
time, subsequent generations demonstrate improved
reliability and rigour. Equipment made with these
tools includes
real‐time data collection, location‐
specific. The results can be used as an educational
instrument, promoting, air quality awareness, while
helping to change the pattern of time activity to
reduce harmful exposure to atmospheric
contaminants.Thisrevolutionin sensors andrelated
applications can provide sustainable solutions for
applications in monitoring, education,
community
monitoring, the supplementation of ambient air
monitoringnetworksorevenconformityassessment.
Equipment made with these tools, attached to
humansubjects,allowstheacquisitionofdataandthe
creationofanewimageoftheconformityofworking
conditionsandanticipationofunwantedevents.
It is a matter of
time before shipping ships will
haveintegratedsystemstomonitorairqualityvalues
aswellasbiometricstaffvalues.
2 MATERIALSANDMETHODS
2.1 Requirements
Ouragreedrequirementsforthetoolkitwere:
Lowunitcost
Smallformfactor
Easyuse(incaseofbracelets)
Useofthe
newgenerationofsensors
ompatibility with shipʹs supply and
communicationsystems
Compatibilitywithshoremonitoringprograms
Issuingalarms
Minimalelectricalinterferencewithshipʹssystems
Lowenergyconsumption
Operatingperiodwithoutinterventionfor5years
The possibility of easy upgrading to new
generationofsensors(stillindevelopment).
Forprototyping:
thedesignofhardwareandsoftwareʺOpensource
ʺhasbeenaddressedinordertobenefitfromthe
expertise and knowledge of the global
development Community and, therefore, to
minimize replication ease and reduce the time of
developmentofequipment.
the
useofthenewgenerationoflowcostsensors
and the verysmall form factor, developedat the
urging of the European Union and UNICEF and
made by the great manufacturers specializing in
theproductionofelectronicsensors.
These new generation sensors do not transmit to
themicroprocessoranelectrical
valuewhichthenisto
be converted into the unit of measurement in the
international system of the measured elements and
thenrequireacalibrationofthesereadings.TheI²C
transmissionsensorsdirectlytransmitthevalueofthe
element measured in units of measurement in the
internationalsystemto
theprocessor.
2.2 Descriptionofequipments
Two equipments are used: a fixed one and another
mobile. The main microcontroller used in both
equipments is Atmega328 in SMD technology (for
miniatures)(Figure1).
Figure1.Block diagramof acquisitionand data
transmission from sensors (identical for the fixed and
mobileunit).
Mainsensorsused:
Forthefixedunit:
Opticaldustsensor:GP2Y1010AU0FSharp
Sensor for NO3, CO, NH3: MiCS‐6814 SGX
Sensortech
Temperatureandhumidity pressuresensor: BME
680BOSCH.
Forthemobileunit:
Oximeter pulse& integrated heart rate sensor
MAX30100MaximIntegrated
Sensor for NO3,
CO, NH3: MiCS‐6814 SGX
Sensortech
411
Temperatureandhumidity pressuresensor: BME
680BOSCH
Motion sensor (Accelerometer): MPU‐6000
InvenSense
Bodytemperaturesensor:
Sweatsensor.
Both fixed andmobile unitsare coupledthrough
the shipʹs wireless system with a terminal monitor
andsynchronizedwiththeshipʹstime.Thisterminal
is
for storing data (which can also be done by the
terrestrial terminal in real time) and for issuing
warningstotheserviceofficer(Figure2).
Figure2.SystemDataFlow
Themainmicrocontrollerusedinboththefixedand
mobiledevicesisAtmega328inSMDtechnology.
The key elements of this system designed were
thatallthesensorschosentobecompatiblewiththeI
² C protocol for easier interconnection with the
processor, but also in order to be able
to achieve
withoutdifficultytheupgradingoftheequipment.
FixedUnit(Figure3):
Figure3.FixedunitblockSchema
ElectronicBracelet(mobileunit)
Theelectronicbraceletisdesignedtoperformnon‐
invasivebiometricmeasurements without disturbing
the subjects in the activities in which they are
involved (Figure 4). This measurement is achieved
with 8 different sensors for: pulse, oxygen in the
blood (SPO2), body temperature, electrocardiogram
(ECG),Galvanicskin
response(GSR‐sweating),blood
pressure (aneroid), position/movement of
(accelerometer) and the muscle/electromyography
(EMG)sensor(Figure5).Thedatathusobtainedwill
be centralised on a PC and subsequently analyzed
with synchronized time‐based comparison. This can
seethedirecteffectofairqualityonsubjects.
Figure4.Theelectronicbracelet(mobileunit)
Figure5.Thesensors.
Techniquesused:
For electronic Design The Autodesk EAGLE
programwasused.
Software development Prototyping ARDUINO
I.D.E.
FormakingOfficecharts.
FordataacquisitionPLX‐DAQviaRS232.
2.3 Themodeofoperation
Theacquisitionofthedatatransmittedbythesensors
ontheI²CBus
ismadebyMicropocesorulAtmega
328andsynchronizedaccordingtotime.
They are then transmitted through serial
communication through a wireless module
synchronized with the shipʹs wireless system to the
shipʹsterminal in the controlblockthatisunderthe
serviceofficerʹsmonitoring.
The data obtained will
be stored on the terminal
ontheshipbutwillalsobetransmittedtoaterrestrial
monitoringcentreviasatellite.
Incaseofexceedingpresetlevelsthemobileunit,
fixed unit, Naval and Terrestrial Command Center
emitslocalalarms(worker,serviceofficer)andother
peopleinthechainofcommand.
These
alarmswillbethesoundandvisualnature
of the latterindicating and what monitored element
triggeredthealarmcreationanditsvalue.
412
3 DATAANDRESULTS
3.1 Descriptionofexperiments
Threetestswereperformed:
InTest1,ashortseriesofcontrolledtestsaimedat
testing equipment performance were carried out
withintheworkarea(engineroom).
Thereadings of thebuilttools were comparedto
the readings of more expensive classical
equipment,
certified.
InTest2, withintheworkingarea (thecarroom)
were placedon therow differentvariable quantities
of the elements under monitoring and data were
collectedfromthetwoequipment.
InTest3,theequipmentwasexposedtoanumber
of common sources of internal emission, specific
to
theworkarea.
The Working Party (working area) has been
instructed to operate normally, except that the
bracelethasbeen attachedduring activities,thedata
obtained is centralised and synchronized with the
datafromthefixedunit.
3.2 Theresultsandgraphycalinterpretation
1000 values for NO
2 sensor, CO sensor and NH3
sensor in Excel files have been collected in current
time(e.g.,fromH16.30toH17.56)(Table1)andafter
were designed graphycal interpretations for each
sensor(Figure6,Figure7,Figure8).
Figure6.Thesensorvalue.
Figure7.Thevaluesofsensorsincurrenttime.
Table1.Therealvaluesfrommeasurementswithsensors
_______________________________________________
CurrentSenzor Senzor Senzor
time valueNO2 valueCO valueNH3
_______________________________________________
16:30:40 0.0011.000.00
16:30:40 0.000.000.00
16:30:40 0.002.001.00
16:30:41 0.005.004.00
16:30:41 0.009.006.00
16:30:42 0.0011.000.00
16:30:42 0.000.000.00
16:30:43 0.002.002.00
16:30:43 0.006.005.00
16:30:44 0.009.007.00
16:30:44 0.0012.000.00
16:30:45 0.000.000.00
16:30:45 0.001.00
1.00
16:30:46 0.006.004.00
16:30:46 0.008.005.00
16:30:46 0.0011.000.00
16:30:47 0.000.000.00
16:30:47 0.000.000.00
16:30:48 0.001.002.00
16:30:48 0.006.004.00
16:30:49 0.008.005.00
16:30:49 0.0011.000.00
16:30:50 0.000.000.00
16:30:50 0.000.000.00
16:30:51 0.002.002.00
16:30:51
0.006.004.00
16:30:51 0.009.006.00
16:30:52 0.0011.000.00
16:3:52 0.000.000.00
16:30:53 0.000.000.00
16:30:53 0.001.002.00
16:30:54 0.007.0054.00
16:30:54 12.0079.000.00
17:56:32 0.001.000.00
17:56:32 15.001.003.00
17:56:33 0.002.002.00
17:56:33 1.000.005.00
17:56:34 0.002.005.00
17:56:34 0.000.000.00
17:56:35 5.000.000.00
17:56:35 6.001.008.00
17:56:36 0.0010.0010.00
17:56:36 1.000.000.00
17:56:36 14.005.008.00
17:56:37 0.000.000.00
17:56:37 1.000.000.00
17:56:38 1.000.006.00
17:56:38 0.0011.000.00
17:56:39 15.001.000.00
17:56:39 26.005.008.00
17:56:40 0.00
3.001.00
17:56:40 0.005.001.00
17:56:41 0.005.000.00
17:56:41 10.005.000.00
17:56:41 8.000.008.00
17:56:42 0.0010.000.00
17:56:42 6.001.0015.00
17:56:43 1.000.001.00
17:56:43 8.001.0010.00
17:56:44 0.000.001.00
17:56:44 0.004.001.00
_______________________________________________
Thetestresultswhicharemeasuredby 3sensors
(Table1) in thesame timeare different, becausethe
qualities of these new generation sensors are being
testedandsomesensors do notrespondcorrectlyto
changesintheparametersinthepremises.Thatʹswhy
three measurements are made, finally
taking their
averagevalue.
413
Figure8.Themeasurementsfortemperature,humidityand
COwithexperimentalequipment.
Duringmeasurementstheequipmentcreatedalert
thehighvaluesinthemeasuringenclosure(Figure9).
Figure9.ThealertCOlevel.
Reference values for air quality indicators
(according toGO No. 582/2002)measured in the air
for1hour,measuredalertthresholdfor3consecutive
hours:
SO2‐350μg/m3;AlertThreshold‐500μg/m
3
NO
2‐200μg/m
3
NO2;AlertThreshold‐400μg/m
3
Particulate matter (PM10)‐value at 24 h‐50μg/m
3
PM10; Top rating threshold‐at 24 hours‐60% of
dailylimitvalue(30μg/m
3
)
CO‐Themaximumdailyaveragevalueof8hours‐
10μg/m
3
Ozone‐themaximumdailyvalueofaverageson8
hours‐120μg/m
3
; Alert threshold at 1 hour‐240μ
g/m
3
.
The volume must be expressed under standard
conditions (temperature of 293
0
K and pressure of
101.3kPa).
The limits applicable inECAs(Emission Control
Areas (ECAs) designated under regulation 13 of
MARPOL Annex VI for SOxand particulate matter
were reduced to 0.10%, from 1 January
2015(www.imo.org).
Progressive reductions in NOxemissions from
marine diesel engines installed on ships are also
included, with aʺTier IIʺ emission limit forengines
installedonashipconstructed on orafter1 January
2011;andamorestringentʺTierIIIʺemissionlimitfor
enginesinstalled on ashipconstructedon or after1
January 2016 operating inECAs. Marine diesel
enginesinstalled on a
shipconstructed on orafter1
January1990butpriorto1January2000arerequired
tocomplywithʺTierIʺemissionlimits,ifanapproved
method for that engine has been certified by an
Administration (www.imo.org). These emissions can
bemeasuredwiththesefixedandmobileunitsduring
operationalprocesses
inshipcart.Themobileunitcan
adjustedforeachmemberofcrew.
The measured data were compared with the
valuesindicatedbystandardcertifiedequipment.The
standard equipment for measurements in the
machinery compartment is the CO
2, O2, NO
combustion gas Analyser, (Figure 10)
(http://www.afriso.ro).
Figure10.Thecombustiongasanalyser.
Theerrorsobtainedarebelow2%.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Experiments have shown that the choice of sensors
with I
2
c communication was a good, viable,
achievablechoice.
Sensorreadingsfallintotheprewrittentolerances.
Noneedforasensorcalibration.
The constructive dimensions of the bracelet were
not very small at first realization, but they can be
reduced considerably in the case of industrial
manufacture.
During the tests it was
spotted that the data
providedbythepressuresensorandtemperaturecan
414
beconvertedinheight,indicatingthepositionofthe
workerverticallyintheship.
The qualities of these new generation of sensors
lead to the elaboration of new concepts (visions) of
monitoring/reporting/alarm systems on board ships,
eliminatingerrorsintroducedbythehumanfactorin
thischain.
Theworkalsoshows
oneofthesenewvisions.The
acquisition of correlation and transmission of data
fromthetwo systemsdesignedandmade, basedon
the new generation of sensors provides a picture of
theimpactofairqualityonthecrewworkinginthe
carroom.
REFERENCES
Dumitrescu,M.V., Studies ontechniques and technologies
for monitoring and control of environmental factors (
Studiiasupratehnicilorsitehnologiilordemonitorizare
si control a factorilor de mediu), Referat doctorat, 2018,
PolitehnicaUniversity,Bucuresti,Romania.
*** “Schools Indoor Pollution and Heath: Observatory
NetworkinEurope”,http://www.sinphonie.eu,2018.
Viegi,G.,
&others,Indoorairpollutionandairwaydisease,
Int.J.TubercLungDisease,2004;8:1401
Geller,R.J.,&others,Safeandhealtyschoolenvironments,
PediatricClin.J,.NorthAmerica,2007,54:351.
***Thecombustiongasanalyser,http://www.afriso.ro/.
***ECAs‐ Emission‐Control‐Areas,
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pollutio
nPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Emission‐Control‐
Areas‐%28ECAs%29‐designated‐under‐regulation‐13‐of‐
MARPOL‐Annex‐
VI‐%28NOx‐emission‐
control%29.aspx