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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The purpose of simulation an pollution accident

A smart solution for assessing the consequences of

pollution on the coast, on flora and fauna but also by

accounting for the total costs of the equipment used in

the response to pollution is a system for assessing,

coordinating and simulating the risk situation with

the help of a mathematical model implemented on a

simulator.

The purpose of simulating an accident/pollution

exercise is to verify the viability of the "Cooperation

plan on unitary intervention, in emergencies, for the

search and rescue of human life at sea", the "National

preparedness plan, response and Cooperation in the

case of marine pollution with hydrocarbons "and the

way of action and cooperation of competent

authorities in the field.

Smart System to Coordination of the Available

Response Resources in an Oil Spill Leakage

M. Panaitescu & F.V. Panaitescu

aritime University, Constanta, Romania

ABSTRACT: A smart solution for assessing the consequences of pollution on the coast, on flora and fauna but

also by accounting for the total costs of the equipment used in the response to pollution is a system for

assessing, coordinating and simulating the risk situation with the help of a mathematical model implemented

on a simulator. The mathematical model for the simulation of the event of pollution is the latest generation and

take into account all the meteorological factors of the sea and air, as well as all the physico-chemical parameters

of the substances involved (dispersion, surface tension). The simulator is used for the realistic modeling of a

crisis situation and it is useful for both marine officers and emergency situation officials. The simulator will be

used as an educational instrument enabling the interactive study of the different emergency situations. In this

paper we present the simulation of incident and the creation of response resources. The scenario incident is for

KAPTAN M cruise ship that left the tourist port of TOMIS Constanta, Romania, having on board 20 passengers

and a number of 15 crew members, and which collided with the oil ship EVIA Oil FIVE, having on board the

quantity of 4200 MT crude oil. As a result of the collision, the passenger ship suffered a breach (water hole), on

the starboard board, breach by which the ship began to ambarce sea water and in the car compartment a fire

was produced. Containment and recovery of an oil spill during the exercise will be simulated through

activation and control of response resources. The resources involved in the operations are divided into:

platforms, equipment and personnel. The results of simulation is the list of response resources specified in the

scenario together with their parameters, which can be exported into a text file. With this simulation tools you

can efficiently appreciate the cost of resources in due time, avoiding material and human damage.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 13

Number 1

March 2019

DOI: 10.12716/1001.13.01.21

206

1.2 The objectives

Main objectives:

1 the realistic modeling of a crisis situation to

evaluation of the capacity to respond to the

structures involved in organizing, conducting,

managing and coordinating actions to search and

save human life at sea, to provide support

functions and assignments associated with them.

2 using the simulator as an interactive and efficient

study tool for assessment of the capacity to

respond to the structures involved in organising

the conduct, management and coordination of

response actions to marine pollution by

hydrocarbons

3 the use of tools related to the intelligent system for

determining the resources related to a pollution

situation

4 verification of the viability of the crisis

management documents, standards and

operational procedures for action.

SAR Secondary Objectives:

1 Test response times for response to an event that

requires search and rescue missions at sea.

2 Practice the mode of action of the staff during a

search and rescue action at sea.

3 Training of staff in interinstitutional actions during

participation in search and rescue actions at sea.

4 Practice of informational-decision flow from the

cooperation plan on unitary intervention, in

emergencies, for the search and rescue of human

life at sea.

5 Verification of planned capabilities and real

intervention times for the purpose of identifying

vulnerabilities and how to eliminate them.

6 Checking the national fire-fighting capabilities of

ships in danger at sea outside port areas.

7 Verification and testing of institutional/inter-

institutional communication capabilities and

between the participating forces and means.

Marine pollution secondary objectives consist of

testing:

1 Application of the provisions of art. 10, para. (3) of

H.G. No. 893/2006, which relates to the decision to

grant the place of refuge to a ship involved in a

marine pollution incident (according to the

recommendation of the European Maritime Safety

Agency).

2 Ability to reduce the effect of marine pollution by

transferring cargo from a damaged tank to another

vessel (minimum decision flow, ship identification

and equipment available for such operations).

3 The capacity to take the water-oil mixture

recovered from the sea by the specialised

pickup/storage facilities.

4 The decontamination capacity of ships and

equipment which have been involved in response

to pollution.

5 Communication and informational-decision flow

from the National plan for preparedness, response

and cooperation in the case of marine pollution

with hydrocarbons.

6 The degree of training of staff in working with the

equipment for decontamination, for DOM and

DOT.

7 Capacity/possibility of decontamination of

equipment for limitation and recovery of the

spilled product.

8 How to register and resolve complaints and

requests made by persons/institutions affected by

pollution.

9 Ability to reduce the effect of oil pollution at sea

and ashore.

10 And verifying the capabilities of

institutional/inter-institutional communication and

between the forces and the participating means.

1.3 Location of simulation

Location:

 For search and rescue:

A sea area: rectangle with sides of 7 x 5 mm, 10

mm away from the shore, between the coordinates:

44 º 13 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 47 ' 00 ' ' E

44 º 18 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 47 ' 00 ' ' E

44 º 13 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 58 ' 00 ' ' E

44 º 18 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 58 ' 00 ' ' E.

A land area: Tomis Port and Port passenger

Terminal Constanta.

 For marine Pollution:

A sea area: rectangle with sides of 7 x 5 mm, 10

mm away from the shore, between the coordinates:

44 º 13 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 47 ' 00 ' ' E

44 º 18 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 47 ' 00 ' ' E

44 º 13 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 58 ' 00 ' ' E

44 º 18 ' 50 ' ' N 028 º 58 ' 00 ' ' E.

A land area: Operational: Năvodari Beach south of

the South pier of the Midia port; Fictitious:

Mamaia Beach.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Scenario description

On 20 June 2015, the hours..Commander Kaptan M

transmitted by Channel 16 Call and distress message.

Service officer of the SAR-pollution Service (centre for

coordination of ANR/MRCC), received by VHF Ch. 16

Distress alert (cruise ship KAPTAN_M, C/S YP3082,

MMSI 264163082, pavilion Romania, length 30 m,

width 8 m, draught 2.70 m, with Loading capacity 30

passengers).

As a result of the collision, the passenger ship

suffered a breach (water hole), on the starboard

board, breach by which the ship began to ambarce sea

water and in the car compartment a fire was

produced.

After the collision, the oil vessel with IMO number

9358503 and MMSI 241344000, was released from the

passenger ship, stopping at a distance of approx.

Three millimeters from the crash site to the south

direction.

Polluting vessel position: 044 º 16 ' 52 N and

longitude 028 º 56 ' 00 E.

At hour ....... The commander of the cruise ship

announces the MRCC Service (Maritime Coordination

Centre) of the Romanian Naval Authority (ANR) as

the fire extends and cannot be controlled by the

means of the board. Also, because of the sea water

that penetrates through the water hole, the ship began

to incline to starboard. Under these circumstances, the

commander of the ship ordered the abandonment,

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requesting at the MRCC, assistance to save passengers

and crew.

They prepared to abandon two lifeboats and also

launched two lifeboats, one of 12 persons and one of 8

persons.

Both passengers and crew were instructionati to

wear life jackets.

At hour ...... Officer MRCC, immediately after

receiving all data from the incident, activates the co-

operation Plan SAR 2013 and asks the ARSVOM to

send urgently for SAR intervention, the units

available.

On the basis of the information received from the

MRCC, as well as the conclusions resulting from the

discussions in the Technical secretariat of the CODM

and analysis of the motion prediction of the crude oil

stain, it is proposed to CODM the activation of DOT.

At houir ......., the Inspectorate for Emergencies

"Dobrogea" of Constanta County, in its capacity as

coordinator and ruler of land operations, alerts the

DOT members for the preparation of forces and

means for the purpose of intervention;

The Inspectorate for Emergencies "Dobrogea" of

Constanta County, together with the water Bazinal

Administration "Dobrogea-Litoral", assesses the

situation and transmits a proposal for an intervention

plan for response to pollution on land.

At hour ......, CODM transmits orders of

intervention to the institutions/companies that will

participate in the DOT actions. PNOC-T of the Water

Bazinale Administration "Dobrogea-Litoral" and

Emergency Inspectorate "Dobrogea" of Constanta

County, as coordinator and ruler of land operations,

the order to activate the division of Land operations;

The DOT coordinator transmits to the DOT

members, the plan and the order of starting

intrevenţiei of decontamination to dry.

At _hour ......, the crews of Constanta County

Police Inspectorate and Constanta County gendarmes

Inspectorate that secure the perimeter of the area by

dividing the its and restricting access;

At _hour ......, the crews and equipment of the

emergency inspectorate "Dobrogea" to the county of

Constanta, the Bazinală administration of water

"Dobrogea-

"SC Branic srl and SC Envirotech srl.

At _hour ......, the decontamination action of the

coastal area affected by the oil product begins.

It is used as storage space at SC Rompetrol

refining SA for liquid fraction and a storage space in

Batalurile SC Envirotech SRL for solid fraction.

 The participating vessels shall be required to

proceed to the decontamination zone of the

ARSVOM,

 The participating institutions shall be required to

provide written information on the completion of

the decontamination operations (the date and time

at which they are in the base position).

In the situation where there is a refuge for the

tanker, there are steps to identify a tug to tow it in

that place. Also, request that the recovered product be

handed over to the CN plant APMC constant

SA/Rompetrol refining, and the ships and equipment

used to respond to pollution are decontaminated at

ARSVOM.

At _hour ......, the coordinator of the Land

Operations Division transmits to the Technical

Secretariat of the CODM the proposal to terminate the

decontamination actions.

CODM draws up the detailed report on the basis

of reports received from the two divisions to start the

procedure for the recovery of expenses and

compensation of damages.

2.2 Assumptions

Input data for Simulator (weather conditions):

 Wind to the east at the speed of 5m/sec; After 30

hours from the start of the scenario the wind rises

to 10m/sec,

 17

C air temperature,

 the water temperature of the 9

C sea,

 the state of the sea 0.5 m,

 the density of the water 1026 kg/m

3 SIMULATION DATA AND RESULTS

3.1 Description of simulation scenarios

The steps of accident were simulated on PISCES II

simulator (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, .... Figure 16)

(Panaitescu &oth.,2013).

The pollution’s solutions are resolved with the

PISCES II crisis management module of simulator,

which includes an oil spill model and enables

resource management for command centre personnel.

Trainees learn how to handle oil spills according to

the OPRC Convention (International Convention on

Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-

operation) requirements. The simulator also supports

the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP)

administered by the US Coast Guard (PISCES II_2-90,

User manual). The oil spill model is affected by

currents and wind. It simulates spreading,

evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, viscosity

variation and burning. The oil flow distribution is

carefully calculated and is affected by vessels,

recovery objects and other structures.

Realistic exercises can be created easily for both

offshore and coastal scenarios.

Also, for our scenario, fast speedboat 150Cp A

ONACVA S.R.L. arrives at the oil tanker and as a

result of the diving intervention to shrink the water

hole, after 3 hours the spill rate decreases from

80tone/hour to 40 tonnes/hour (Figure 1, Figure 2).

30 minutes after the start of the scenario (H0 30

min), the tug Perseus of PETROMAR S.A. travels to

the ARSVOM headquarters where the inflatable anti-

pollution dam (total length 3300 m for the sea) and 2

hydrocarbon recovery pumps (SKIMERE) with

capacity of 130 MC/h each) (Figure 3, Figure 4).

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Time H8 48 min stain is stopped at the barrier. It

begins the recovery of oil, assisted by the ship of the

tugboat HERCULES belonging to ARSVOM

Constanta (Figure 5).

Continuing oil recovery from the Skimerele barrier

to full capacity. At H19 22 min The oil stain exceeds

the barrier at the northern end, due to the small

recovery capacity of the skimmers. At H27 43min the

escaped stain is 15 km from the shore, in quantity of

60 tonnes mixture (Figure 6).

Figure 1. Fast speedboat 150Cp A ONACVA S.R.L arrives at

the oil tanker

Figure 2. The the spill rate decreases.

Figure 3. The instalation of the inflatable anti-pollution dam

Figure 4. The responses of anti-pollution dam ‘s instalation

Figure 5. Stopping the stain on the barrier.

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Figure 6. The oil stain exceeds the barrier .

Situation at H30 00min: The oil stain escaped from

the barrier has 83.8 tonnes, max thickness 1.1 mm

advancing to 13.6 km of shore (Figure 7);

Recovered with Skimmers 121 m

, evaporated 163

, afloat 872 m

, max 262 mm thickness at barrier

surface 936000 m

(Figure 7, Figure 8).

Figure 7. The situation at H30 00min.

Figure 8. The intervention of skimmers at H30 00min

3.2 The spill statistics of pollution

The results of pollution are presented in the folowing

figures (Figure 9, Figure 10):

Figure 9. The spill statistics.

Figure 10. Local area statistics.

Situation at H40 5min: 220 to oil stain, max

thickness 1.2 mm at 2.3 km from shore; recovered

with Skimmers 177 m

, evaporated 203 m

, afloat 766

, max 262 mm thickness at barrier, 3 498 000 m

surface (Figure 11).

Figure 11. The intervention of skimmers at H40 5 min.

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The situation at H42 24min the oil stain ashore.

Impact Zone 440 16, 63N 280 37, 33E (Figure 12).

Figure 12. The intervention at H42 24min.

The situation at H44 00min: the length of the

polluted shore 713 m, oil quantity 7. 8 m

(Figure 13).

Figure 13. The intervention at H44 00min.

The situation at H47 00min: the length of the

polluted shore 905 m, oil quantity 9. 8 m

(Figure 14).

Figure 14. The intervention at H47 00min.

The situation at H56 30min: polluted shore length

1400, oil quantity on shore 16.2 m

, recovered 252 m

evaporated 260 m

, afloat 590 m

(Figure 15).

The situation at H76 01min: polluted shore length

1500, oil quantity on shore 17.4 tonnes, recovered 338

, at barrier 79 m

, evaporated 295 m

, floating near

the shore 250 tonnes.

Figure 15. The intervention at H56 30min.

The situation at H78 00min: polluted shore length

1510, oil quantity on shore 17.4 m

, recovered 353 m

at the barrier still 59.2 tonnes, evaporated 297 m

floating near the shore 262 tonnes (Figure 16).

Figure 16. The intervention at H56 30min.

3.3 Description of results simulation

The summary of results are presented in Table 1

(Dumitrescu G.L&others, 2015) (Figure 17):

Table 1. The summary of results.

_______________________________________________

Equipments Conditions Deployment Recovery Average

_______________________________________________

1. Booms 3.182 3.182 3.112 3.159

2. Sweeping arms 3.411 3.612 4.000 3.674

3. Skimmers 3.112 3.783 3.672 3.522

4. Average 3.232 3.524 3.591 ~ 3.45

_______________________________________________

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The results are presented in the scale from 0 to 4,

where the semnification is: 0- the worst performance

and 4-the best performance.

Figure 17. Response resources on simulator.

4 RESPONSE RESOURCES

4.1 Description of response resources

Smart system to coordination of the available

response resources contains different categories of

response resources, because the resources are divided

into three types (Figure18): platforms, equipment,

perssonel.

Figure 18. Smart system structure.

Each type contains one or more subtypes.

Platforms do not affect operation of the slick

mathematical model. Equipment directly influences

the behaviour of the spill model. There are six

subtype of equipment available in PISCES II:

 Booms;

 Oil skimmers;

 Dispersants;

 Dispersant application facilities;

 Shore cleanup equipment;

 Other facilities.

The booms, skimmers and dispersants take part

not only in simulation of deployment and shutdown

operations, but also in simulation of their interaction

with the oil slick (Figure 19).

Figure 19. Response of booms and skimmers

4.2 The calculus of response resources

Efficiency of booms and skimmers is calculated

automatically depending on environment conditions

and oil slick properties (F.V. Panaitescu, M.

Panaitescu, I.Voicu & I.I. Panaitescu, 2014).

All resources created in the scenario have the

“Free” status. It can order a resource with this status

to come on scene using the ORDER command or

immediately involve it in the operation by the

EMPLOY command.

The simulator makes it possible to calculate the

cost of applying both the individual resources and the

whole operation for the current time. It can view the

cost of using each resource in the properties window

of the object in question by going to the “Total cost”

field of the “Costs”(Figure 20):

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Figure 20. Costs of the resources.

Calculation of the resource application costs is

based on duration of its application, being performed

by the program automatically. The data on the whole

operation cost can be exported to an Excel file.

To obtain data on expenses it can choose a type of

the financial report in the “Report” list (Table 2).

Table 2. The report’s types

_______________________________________________

Type of report Description

_______________________________________________

By assignments The cost of resources is calculated for

each Organization

By organizations The cost calculation of resource is

performed for these conditions:

“Ordered”, “Available”, “Assigned”

and “Out of service”

By resources The cost of resources is calculated for

each resource

All reports Global report includes:

- the operational report;

-the report of each organization.

_______________________________________________

4.3 The reasons for which it is considered a smart system

The reasons are:

 Simulation software gives us the prediction of the

time development of the oil stain (surface and), its

road and position according to weather conditions.

 Also gives us variants of the optimum location of

resources (booms and Skimmers) for oil collection,

taking into account the speed of movement of

ships (the time required to reach the location

position), the time required for the deployment

time for booms and skimmers (booms deployment

dependencies on boom lenght).

 These variants are provided with the help of

"smart" tools in the "crisis management" mode of

decision makers to establish an efficient, fast and

correct solution.

 All fast and efficient operating information is the

results of using tools to calculate resources

belonging to an intelligent system of resource

coordination for the polluters accident (smart

system to coordination of the Available response

resources)

5 CONCLUSIONS

Preparation of a scenario is complex process which

requires frequent returns to the previously made

saving points and new replays of the scenario. In the

scenario modelling, information on the spill state is

saved every five minutes of model time. The spill

statistics history display interval can be increased.

By using the tools for this intelligent operating

system in the event of hydrocarbon pollution, it was

followed the achievement of strict and objective steps

to make effective decisions, namely:

 Simulation with specialized software (Pisces II0

 Determination of the results of the simulation

 Assessment of resources related to the simulated

situation

 Setting the costs of these resources with

specialized software

 making effective, fast and real-time operational

decisions.

The results of simulation is the list of response

resources specified in the scenario together with their

parameters, which can be exported into a text file.

With this simulation tools you can efficiently

appreciate the cost of resources in due time, avoiding

material and human damage.

REFERENCES

Panaitescu, F.V., Panaitescu, M., Traning pentru evaluarea,

controlul si simularea unor situatii de criza pe

simulatorul PISCES II, 2009, Vol. ACVADEPOL, 2009,

ISSN 2066 – 5962, Mamaia, Romania.

Panaitescu, F.V., Panaitescu, M., Training on simulator for

emergency situations in the Black Sea. [in:] A. Weintrit

(ed.), Advances in Marine Navigation. Marine

Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, CRC Press,

Balkema, pp. 127-130, 2013.

Panaitescu F.V., Panaitescu M., Voicu I., Panaitescu I.I.:

Training for Environmental Risks in the Black Sea Basin.

TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 8, No. 2, doi:

10.12716/1001.08.02.05, pp. 205-209, 2014.

Dumitrescu G.L, Voicu I., Panaitescu F.V., Panaitescu M.

The evolution of an accidental release of oil, near

BURGAS, Journal of Marine Technology and Environment

Year 2015, Vol.2, ISSN 1844-6116

*** What’s new in PISCES II-2.90?, TRANSAS LIMITED,

IRELAND, 2007

*** https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/ha3tgmrq/hotararea-nr-893-2006-

pentru-modificarea-hotararii-guvernului-nr-1593-2002-

privind-aprobarea-planului-national-de-pregatire-

raspuns-si-cooperare-in-caz-de-poluare-marina-cu-

hidrocarburi, Judgment No. 893/2006 for amendment of

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National Plan for preparedness, response and cooperation in

the case of marine pollution with hydrocarbons ( Hotărârea

nr. 893/2006 pentru modificarea Hotărârii Guvernului

nr. 1.593/2002 privind aprobarea Planului național de

pregătire, răspuns și cooperare în caz de poluare marină

cu hidrocarburi)