167
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Relevanceandpurpose
The purpose of the study is to assess the risk of
pollutionofthewaterareaofthenortheasternsector
of the Azov Sea and the Kerch Strait in connection
withthedynamicsofthecoastalzoneoftheTemryuk
gulf(Fig.1).
Figure1.LocationofTemryucskyGulf.
Thesignificanceofthisdiagnosisincreasesdueto
the impending reconstruction of the port and the
expansion of trans‐shipment area for the food and
perfumeoil,petrochemical,bulkmaterialsandlump
sulfur.Ontheapproachestotheportforlargevessels
wiring dredging from 5.5 to 6.4 m is planned
(www.t
amaninfo.ru).
1.2 Problemsofpreservationofuniqueresourcesofthe
natureandculture
Coasts and the waters of inland seas, mastered by
ancient civilizations, are a vital source of water,
biological,recreational,andotherresources.Shipping
provides cultural and commercial inter‐regional and
inter‐state relations. But, on the sea accidents,
especially oil‐loading, tra
nsport and discharge of
domestic waste water, stagnant hydrodynamic
phenomena in shallow waters threaten the
biodiversityofcoastalmarineecosystemsandreduce
thequalityofwatersresources.Risksofthiskindare
typical for the Azov Sea Temryucsky Gulf, on the
shoresof whichthevillage, wineries,resorts, sports,
touri
sm and others are located. In the inner part of
Danger of Pollution of the Water Area due to the
Peculiarities of the Coastal Dynamics of the Temryuk
Gulf of the Azov Sea
N.A.Bogdanov
RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
A.N.Paranina&R.Paranin
HerzenStatePedagogicalUniversity,St.Petersburg,Russia
ABSTRACT: Danger of pollution o
f
water areas of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait from possible
technogeniccatastrophesisdiagnosedasaresultofcomparison ofwindpowercalculations andthecurrent
stateofcoastofthegulf.IdeasofauniformWestTemryukstreamofdepositsaredisproved.Threedynamic
systemsintheeastandinthecenterofacoastalarchandtheunidirect
ionalalongshorestreamofpollutants
andenergyinthewesternsegmentoftheTemryukgulfarerevealed.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 12
Number 1
March 2018
DOI:10.12716/1001.12.01.19
168
asymmetricallyconcavearctothesoutheastcoastline
thereisafamousport‐fortressʺTemryukʺ‐themain
sourceofcontaminants(pollutants)onthisstretchof
coastline(themouthoftheKubanriver).
2 OBJECTSANDMETHODS
2.1 Naturalconditions
Theobjectofstudyistheeasternpartofthesouthern
shores
oftheSeaofAzovintheTemryukgulf:from
thevillageofIlyichinthewesttotheportofTemryuk
atthemouthoftheKubanRiverandtotheborderof
theTemryukDistrictintheeast.Fromthebasalpart
ofthespitofChushkain
thethroatoftheKerchStrait
to the section between the villages of Perekopskaya
andKuchugury, thelengthofthecoastlineis~70km.
Abrasion‐landslide and crumbling coast of the
western sector of the Temryucsky Gulf are
complicatedbyravines,gulliesandstackedlikeeasily
eroded loam and denser
rocks on the headlands,
whereafterthestormareasofrockandclaythebench
are exposed. On the shores, abrasion prevails over
locallymanifestedsedimentaccumulation.Shorewith
ledges 60 m in height are being destroyed at an
averagespeedof0.5‐0.6m/year–itis
notedfromthe
secondhalfofthe20thcentury(Boldyrev&Nevessky
1961,Kasyan&Krylenko2007).Shelly‐sand(30‐50%,
and90%detritus)beaches,narrow(5‐10m)inareasof
abrasion, expand to 20‐25 m on the banks of the
dynamically stable sprinkling estuaries. Local
abrasion in the
areas of village Golubitskaya and
Kurchanskylimanisassociatedwithstormsurges(up
to4.2m).Locationofzonesofconcentrationoftheir
energy is controlled by the peculiarities of the
transformation on the beach waves. Modern
accumulationisseeninthefollowing:a)shellysand‐
semi‐fixeddunes(up
to5m)onthescarpnearvillage
Kuchugury(frontalsectionofthemaximumexposure
Enstream);b)theextensionoftheseaestuarinebars
andharddismemberedchannelsdeltaofriverKuban
(Petrushinskoe sleeve mouth: silts, sands, shelly
ground, pebbles); c) The bottom accumulation on
Chaykinskoe shoal(provoked by the
constructionof
breakwaters Glukhoy channel port) and capes
Ahilleon, Kamenny, Pekly (with circulating vortex
shedding). Sandy alluvium of Kuban has been
involvedinbeachcreationsince1909,whentheflow
of theriver began tobecarried directly into the sea
through Petrushinskoe sleeve. By 1954, the border
coastalsands
withdarkbluebottomsilthaspopped
upfromthedepthsof4‐5m(1927)seaward–upto8
m.Mostofshellygroundisejectedfromthebottomof
stormerosionofsiltandshellycans(waterdepthof8‐
12 meters ) (Boldyrev & Nevessky1961, Kasyan
&
Krylenko2007).
Among the especially dangerous weather
phenomena affecting the safety of navigation, the
operationoftheportandtheriskofspillageoverthe
water area, it is possible to identify such
characteristics as frost, ice conditions, wind, waves,
currents(About...,2015).
The most severe frosts during
the last 80 years‐
28.70C occurred in February (1954). The average
annualrainfallis519mm.Therearedroughtslasting
up to 2 months and showers‐up to 150 mm of
precipitation in 1‐2 hours. The average annual
humidity is79%. During theautumn fogsit reaches
100%.
Strong winds
cause surges and water drifts near
the shore, the extreme characteristics of which have
been studied little. Driving‐surging phenomena can
takeacatastrophiccharacter,causingfloodingoflow‐
lying areas with up to 3.5‐4.2 m above the current
level. The level regime is determined by the water
exchange
withtheBlackSea(theincomingpartofthe
balance is 38%, the expenditure part is 50%). Seiche
fluctuationsintheleveloftheseaaresmallbecauseof
thesmallsizeofthewaterarea.
Theaveragenumberofstormsatwindspeed>15
m/s(8‐10points)
‐20casesperyear.Amongthem,
on 9‐point storms there are, on average, 5 casesper
year. Storms force 10 points‐1 time in 5 years.
Averagedurationofthestorm:12hours(inAugust)
and28hours(inDecemberandMarch).
Wind is the cause of most different
kinds of sea
currents. On average, a wind speed of 5.3 m / s
generatesacurrentof13.1cm/s.Flowratesof20‐30
cm/s (capableofmovingsanddeposits)accountfor
7% of recurrence per year. Very rarely, in the
conditions of spring and autumn
‐winter storms,
speedsof>40cm/scandevelop.Dischargecurrents
attheoutletfromthegirthofestuariesandinthearea
ofthemouthoftheKubanareupto1.5‐2m/s.The
directions of the current in the wave zone are
controlled in
the gulf by the configuration of the
shoreline and tend to take the direction along the
isobaths. At S and NE winds, the current in the
surfacelayerdeviatestothe rightfrom thedirection
ofthewind,andatWandNWthewind‐totheleft.
In both cases
‐towards the sea. For the wave zone,
discontinuous compensating currents in the bottom
layer are characteristic. In strong winds, the current
cancovertheentirethicknessofthewater,whichin
27%ofcasesoccursinweakandmoderatewinds.
Wind wave type prevails during the year. Its
parameters are
limited by small dispersals and
shallow water. Waves are very steep. They reach
heightsof3‐3.5m,aperiodof≤4‐5sandalengthof
≤50 m. Wind waves rapidly increase, but after 4 ‐6
hoursthegrowthofthewaveparametersceases.The
waveheightof
3misreachedatawaveof0.1%ofthe
supply.Theaveragemaximumwavesof0.8‐1.1min
height prevailing in the autumn‐winter period are
destroyed at depths of 1‐1.04 m, determining the
averagedimensionsofthewavefrontzone.Stormsof
NE, E, SW and W
directions have a repeatability of
80%. The strongest disturbances in the Temryuk
districtareobservedintheWandNWwindswiththe
maximumwaveheightsof1.8and1.6m,respectively.
Thewavebreakingzoneextendstodepthsof~2.3m,
andatamaximumwaveheightof
3m‐to3.4mof
theseadepth.IntheNEwind,theaveragemaximum
waveheightis1.2m.Violationsof≥4pointsoccurin
February‐fromSW,WandNW.
The ice period continues, on average, about 70
days: from January 2 (the appearance of the initial
forms
ofice)to10‐12March(completecleansingfrom
ice).Ice‐freeperiod‐295days.
169
2.2 Assessmentofenvironmentalrisk
Studyof pollutionscenariosofthe coastalzone asa
resultofaccidentsandill‐conceivedeconomicactivity
is based on calculations of the components of the
coastal stream of wave energy (En ‐normal, Eτ‐
longshore, Eo‐result). Mean annual and seasonal
morphodynamics define
their characteristics and
trends redistribution along the coast waters,
sedimentsandpollutants.
En‐flow at the sea boundary of the wave zone,
oriented towards the shore and acting along its
normal.Itcharacterizesthevariabilityofthevaluesof
thefrontalwaveloads,thedifferentiationofabrasion
hazard on the
banks and the intensity of transverse
sedimentdeliveryfromdepthtothewaterʹsedge.
Eτisthealongshorewaveenergyflux.Itillustrates
the variability of trends in the movement of water,
sedimentsandpollutantsalongtheshoreintermsof
intensityanddirection(Fig.2).
Figure2. Trends of modern dynamics of coasts of
TemryucskyGulf:Ice‐freeperiod1979‐2006(effectivewind
speed V
10 >5 m/s). 1‐7‐term average annual flow of the
componentsofthecoastalwaveenergy,t/s:1‐resultantof
coastal areas, Eo; 2‐cross, the diagram on the outer
boundarywave‐cutzone,referredto1runningmlengthof
thecoastline,En=(3.7‐18.8)x10
4
;3‐7‐longshore,1mwide
wave‐cutzoneEτ=(0.1‐8.1)x10
3
:3‐0.1‐0.5,4‐0.5‐1.0,5‐1
‐2.5,6–2.5‐5,7‐5‐8.1;8‐speculative,long‐termsustainable
coastalzonecirculation(water,sedimentandpollutants);9‐
isobath, m; 10‐12‐elements of morphology and types of
shores (according to [2]): 10‐semi‐fixed dunes of shell
detritus and quartz sand, 11‐abrasion‐landslide and
landslideareas,12‐accumulativeand stable beaches;13‐
windrose,%;14–village
The distribution ofthealongshoreflows of wave
energy and sediment, the structure of the field of
coastalcurrentsandpollutantsdependmainlyonthe
shorelineexposureand isobathsto prevailing winds
that generate the corresponding disturbances with a
certainresultantEo.
Thewaveenergyarrivingattheouterboundary
of
the wave breaking zone (wave‐surfacing zone) is
transformedintothepotentialenergyoftheup‐going
water masses and into the kinetic energy of the
currents. Thefront of the wave asit approaches the
shore is experiencing ever greater transformations
from interaction with the relief and deposits of
the
bottom,seekingtotaketheoutlinesofisobaths(lines
of equal depths). Gradient, including compensating
runoff and discontinuous currents, are gaining an
increasing share in the wave‐surging zone. Their
occurrenceisassociatedwithanunevenwatersurge
along the coast, due to unevenness of the bottom
relief and
the tortuosity of the coastline. Various
kindsofenergyandgradientcurrentsareoneofthe
decisivefactors inthe transferof sanddeposits, fine
suspensionsandpollutants.
3 DISCUSSIONOFRESULTS
3.1 Coastaldynamicsofthegulf
Thereisnoconsensusregardingthe shoredynamics
of the Gulf: 1) according
to A.F. Flerov (1931)
substanceandenergyflowsrushtotheNWandNE‐
from the middle of the coastal arc; 2) A.I. Simonov
(1958): a single energy flow‐to the west, along the
shoresoftheentireGulf(includingthepredominance
ofeasternand NEwinds). Thisviewwas
supported
byV.L.Boldyrev&E.N.Nevessky(1961)(onthebasis
of ground surveying). In unidirectional West
Temryuk stream of sediment, identified by them,
(SectorEastCoastarc‐SpitChushka)mechanicaland
mineralogicaldifferentiationofKubansandalluvium
was recorded (Bogdanov & Sovershaev, Zhindarev,
Agapov 1989). However, it may be related
to the
diffusion of sediment along the shore (Bogdanov &
Sovershaev, Zhindarev, Agapov 1989), but the basis
ofdifferenceslaysinthe long‐termvariabilityofthe
resultingwindvector(Fig.2).
Overthepast70yearstheshareofthewindsfrom
theW,SWandEincreasedand
repeatabilityofother
areas decreased. Among the points of the compass
offshore wind exposure NE‐E and SW‐W‐NW air
flowisalmostthesame(35%and37%,respectively).
Configuration of the coastline, bottom topography,
and the share of the north wind (up to 11%) are
crucialinthedirection
ofthegeneratedflowofwave
energy.The area ofdestructionof maximum waves,
limitedbyheightoftheshallowreservoir, islocated
atadepthof1‐3.5m(http://meteorf.ru).
3.2 Possibilityoftheforecastofaratingofpollutants
Trendsofdynamics,identifiedbythecalculations,are
in
good agreement with the above features of the
current state of the Gulf coast. Joint analysis of
relations and flows Eτ En morphological and
lithological features of the coastal zone, allows to
predicttheseparationofpollutantsinthewaterarea.
ThecalculationsusedwindenergymethodofB.A.
Popov
& V.A. Sovershaev (1981), the application of
which is based on: a) the absence of representative
wave‐measuring observations, b) the reliability and
validityoftheresultsinrelationtotheshores oftide‐
free sea, c) taking into account the relationship
between wind speed and the parameters of the
created
waves(calculationerror‐nomorethan5%)
(Bogdanov & Sovershaev, Zhindarev, Agapov 1989,
Popov & Sovershaev 1981, Bogdanov & Vorontsov,
Morozov 2004, Pateev 2009, About a state … 2015,
PorotovandKaplin,Myslivets2016).
Topographic and navigation maps of scale 1:
200,000and1:500,000(providedbyV.I.Myslivec;
D.I.
Korzininwasinvolvedincollectingrawdata)laythe
basis for preliminary constructions and angular
measurements. We used the standard table of wind
speeds at rhumbs repeatability for a representative
170
period of 1976‐2006. The long‐term statistics of
repeatability of speeds of wind on the directions is
taken from the official site Roshydromet. Average
annualduration ofice‐freeperiod is295 days(HMS
«Temryuk» [http://meteorf.ru]). The amendments in
thecalculationshavebeenintroducedfor:truenorth,
bend coastline,
the roughness of the underlying
surface, the height of the station above sea level. It
takesintoaccounttheoverlapoftheoffshorebankof
thepointsofthecompassand theratio“t
0
Cwater<
t
0
Cair”.Anemometerwindspeedisgiventothetrue
‐ at a height of 10 m(V
10). The maximum length of
acceleration of waves is aligned with the specific
natural conditions (reservoir size curves of the
coastline,thepresenceofshoals,islandsandbraidfor
overclocking sector, affecting the wind and wave
powerandotherparameters.).Alluvium‐movingand
relief‐creating effects of waves currents, coastal
circulation
of water, sediment and pollutants are
generated by the efficient (> 5 m/s) wind [Popov &
Sovershaev 1981, Bogdanov & Vorontsov, Morozov
2004,Guidanceon…1975).Trendsofdynamicsthat
determine the risk of contamination of the
Temryucsky Gulf are summarized in the following
keyfindings(Figure2‐3)
Figure3.TrendsofdynamicsofcoastsofTemryucskyGulf,
period 1976‐2006: effectivein Decemberand stormfor the
yearwindspeed(>5and15m/s,respectively).1, 3,4,5,6,7,
8and9refertoclauses1,3,4,5,10,11,12and14inFig.
1;2
–Эτ<0,1t/s;
a)En=(0.43‐2.47)x10
4
,Eτ=(0.016‐1.05)x10
3
;b)
E
n=(0.45‐4.05)x10
4
,Eτ=(0.004‐2.2)x10
3
3.3 Keypointsintheinterpretationofresultsof
calculation.
The parameters of the wave energy characteristics
allow us to judge not only the trends in the
development of the coast, but also the dynamics of
water,sedimentandpollutantsinthecoastalzoneof
the sea. The final value and
the direction along the
bank of the flow values Eτ represents the integral
characteristic (the result of the algebraic addition of
multidirectionalvaluesforeachaquatorialrumbaon
thiselementarypartoftheshoreline).Thetotalvalue
of the flux value Eτ indicates the tendency of
directionality along the
shore of the transport of
matterandenergy,takingintoaccountrefractionand
transformationofwavesinshallowwaterduringthe
calculation period. The diagram En is the result of
summingupthevaluesoftherumbacomponentsof
thewaveenergynormaltotheshore(alwaysatleast
anorder
ofmagnitudehigherthantheflowEτ).The
analysisofthemutualcombinationoftheparameters
Eτ, En with the relief of the coastal zone of the
reservoir represents a key moment in the
interpretationofthecomputationalschemesofcoastal
dynamics[Guidanceon...1975;Popov&
Sovershaev,
1981; Bogdanov & Vorontsov, Morozov 2004;
Bogdanov, 2009; Bogdanov & Paranina, 2017;
Bogdanov,2017].
Thus,themagnitudeoftheflowEnismaximalat
theportionoftheshoreperpendiculartothevectorof
the resultant energy Eo. The flow Eτʺis pressedʺ to
theneck.Thevelocitiesof
alongshorecurrentsandthe
intensity of coast abrasion are increasing. Under
favorable lithological conditions, the energy flow is
saturated with matter (for example, dynamic
situationsinthevicinityofthevillageofKuchugura
andthecapesofPekly,Kamenny,andAchilleion).
Changes in the exposure of the shore and the
bottomreliefintheunidirectionalflowtransf erzone
Eτleadtoaʺdetachmentʺfromthealongshorebranch
towardstheaquatoryofthecirculationvorticeswitha
vertical axis of rotation (currents, sediment and
pollutantflows).Thephenomenonistypicalforareas
withasharpdropinthevaluesofthe
transverseflow
En to the shore, whichʺpressesʺ to the shore and
ʺacceleratesʺthevelocityofthelong‐distanceflowEτ
onthe adjacent(upstream)section ofthewave zone
(for example, west of Cape Pecly, Kamenny,
Achilleioncapes).
The mentioned vortices, under favorable
hydrographicconditions,extenddeepintothe
water
areafromtheareasoftheirseparation(uptoseveral
kilometers). From these eddy currents, the
energetically weakened streams of energy, sediment
andpollutants areagain deflectedby the EoandEn
streamstotheshore.Thedevelopmentofcirculations
in the water column determines the relief of the
bottom of coastal shallow water. Between the rises
and depressions of the bottom relief, the streams of
matter and energy are redistributed toward greater
depths.Circulatorycellswithpredominanttransport
of water, sediment and pollutants to the shore over
positive elements of the bottom relief arise. The
pulsatingoutflowdevelopsalong
thebedsofadjacent
transverse subterranean troughs towards the water
area(variouscompensatorycurrents).
In areasofconvergence or a sharp weakening of
the Eτ flux, counterbursts and accumulation of
sediments of different hydraulic size develop. Here
oneshouldexpectstagnanthydro‐andlithodynamic
phenomena andthe accumulation of pollutants.
The
risk of logging of hydraulic structures here is also
increasing(forexample,Petrushanskyshoresection).
In the divergence zones of the Eτ and En fluxes,
erosion of the bottom and shores is typical. An
importantroleintheecologicalsituationinthewater
area is played by the degree
of contamination of
sediments. In the presence of transverse hydraulic
structures,thereisoftenarelativelackofaccessalong
the shore of water, sediment and pollutants (for
example,sectionsofthecoastalzonenearthevillage
ofGolubitskaya,inthedeltaoftheKubanRiverand
neartheKurchanskiy
estuary).
171
3.4 Mainregularitiesofdynamicsofacoastalzoneand
ratingofpollution
Thevaluesofthecomponentsofthewaveenergyflux
in the Gulf are comparable to those in the gulfs of
inlandseas(suchastheVistulagulfoftheBalticSea)
(Bogdanov & Vorontsov, Morozov 2004,
Bogdanov
2009). Complex coastal circulation flows, sediment
and impurities in shallow reservoirs are controlled
mainlynotbywindandwavesaccelerationdistance,
butbythevariabilityofthedepthstoshallowcoastal
waters,andtheconfigurationofthecoastline.
Qualitativecharacteristicsmeanannual dynamics
ofthecoastal zoneofthe
Gulfare stableforthe full
rangeofeffectivevelocities>5m/s,andstormwinds
(> 5 m/s). The differences lie in the quantitative
characteristics of flows Eo, En and E
and whose
valuesarefroma fewto tensof timeslowerthanin
the east (including Temryuk district) than in the
westernsectorof thecoastalarc. Reductionofhead‐
loadsto the NEhelps toactivate the removalof the
watermasses, suspendedsolids andpollutants deep
into
thedynamicallyattenuatedSea.
Duringtheyear,asinthemostdynamicallyactive
December,atleastthreeclassiclithodynamicsystem,
including the central areas of convergence and
divergence E
flowsontheflanksoperatealongthe
shores. Systems arelocated in areas (east‐west): 1)
village Perekopskaya‐rerash Kulikovskii of
Kurchansky liman, 2) spit Kurchansky Estuary‐
Seaside Kuban wellhead, 3) Glukhoy port channel‐
Chaykinskoeshallowwater‐art.Golubitskaya.
The unidirectional flow of matter and energy
rushestothewest
ofthesiteoferosionofthecoastin
the stable localized divergence Eτ flow zone in
Golubitskaya. In this area most of the year and
alongshore currents carry pollutants. Some of them
arecoastalcirculationvorticesarisingincapes,taken
outtoseaandbacktotheshoredeflectedstream
En.
WhenroundingcapeAhilleonreal‐energyflowsplits
attheoffshoreandlongshore(inertial)branch‐tothe
south(towardsthespitChushka)andNW(theareaof
the northern coast of the Kerch Peninsula),
respectively.
In storm conditions the number of systems is
reducedtotwo(supposedlyGlukhoychannel
port–
Kulikovskoe delta arm and north of it, near village
Perekopskaya).Unidirectionalwestfloworiginatesat
theportpiers(Fig.3).
Thedynamicconditionsintheportareadetermine
holdingmostofthepollutantsintheareasofcounter
alongshore migra tions (in the area of village
Golubitskaya–Perekopskaya).Removal
ofpollutants
inthewaterareaoftheGulfofdiscontinuousandthe
drain currents is possible in conditions of impaired
frontal impact En flow in the coastal arc sector. In
storm conditions spills of pollutants on the
approaches to the port will be redistributed to the
westandthe
delayedinputlongshore currentinthe
throatoftheKerchStrait,andinertialbranch‐tothe
northernshoresofthepeninsula.
Possible oil spills and other pollutants in the
ʺTemryukʺ port area and in the Kuban river may
causecontaminationoftheadjacentshoresofthegulf,
aswellas
theKerchchannelandtheadjacentsectorof
theAzovSea.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Results of the conducted researches can be
generalizedintheformofseveralprovisions.
Along coast of Temryuk Bay three
litodinamichesky systems comparable on a power
engineeringtotheVistulalagoonoftheBalticSeaare
diagnosed. The
most potent of them leads to
catastrophicabrasionofcoastofthewesternsectorof
the gulf and stretches to an entrance to the Kerch
StraitinthedirectionoftheBlackSea.
Theweakeneddynamicsofacoastalzonenearthe
port of Temryuk promotes stagnation of pollution.
Technogenic
catastropheshere,especially duringthe
periods of storm, are dangerous by carrying out of
pollution,bothtotheSeaofAzov,andintotheBlack
SeathroughtheKerchStrait.
Morphodynamiczoning– afundamentalbasis of
actionsfordecreaseinenvironmentalriskonthesea
coasts.
REFERENCES
Bogdanov, N.A., Sovershaev, V.A., Zhindarev, L.A.,
Agapov A.P. 1989. The evolution of ideas about the
dynamicsof thesouth‐easternshores ofthe Baltic Sea.
Geomorphology,2:62‐68.
Bogdanov, N.A., Vorontsov, A.A., Morozov, L.N. 2004.
Trends of chemical pollution and the dynamics of the
VistulaLagoon.Waterresources.5(31):
576‐590.
Bogdanov, N.A. 2009. Ecological lithodynamic analysis of
the impact ofdevelopment of the coastal areas:South‐
EastBaltic.Essaysonthegeomorphologyurbosphere/hole.
Ed. EA Likhachev, DA Timofeev: 217‐244. Moscow:
Media‐Press.
Bogdanov N.A. 2017. Coastal‐marin placer formation: rare
metal deposits of the South‐Eastern
Baltic. Moscow:
Media‐PRESS.
Bogdanov N.A., Paranina A.N. 2017. Technogenic
transformations of sea coasts on the Baltica sea.
International Journal of Geography and Geology, 2: 26‐31.
DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2017.6.2/10.2.26.31. URL:
http://www.pakinsight.com/journal/10/abstract/4679.
Boldyrev,V.L.,Nevessky,E.N.1961.WestTemryukflowof
sanddrifts.Tr.OKUSSR.8:45‐
59.Moscow:Publishing
HouseoftheUSSR.
Flerov, A.F. 1931. Sandy landscape of the Azov‐Black Sea
coast of the Caucasus, their origin and development.
Matherialy Gosudarstvennogo geograficheskogo obshchestva,
63(1):
Guidance on research methods and calculations of sediment
transport and dynamics of the coasts in engineering
prospecting.1975.Moscow:Gidrometeoizdat.
Kasyan, R.D., Krylenko, M.V. 2007. A comprehensive
descriptionofthecurrentstateoftheAzovSeacoastof
Krasnodar Region within Ecosystem study of Azov,
Black and Caspian seas and their coasts. TS IX.: 315.
Apatity:PublishinghouseoftheKSCRAS.
About a state and about environmental protection of the
Russian Federation in 2015. State report, Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the
Russian Federation, 2015. Moscow:
http://www.mnr.gov.ru/regulatory/list.php?part=1101
Pateev, M.R. 2009. Interphase and cross-border transfer of
heavy metals in coastal and estuarial zones of the south-
ern seas of Russia. Abstract of the thesis … the candi-
172
date the geogricheskikh of sciences. Moscow: GOIN of
Zubov.
Porotov, A.V., Kaplin, P.A., Myslivets, V.I. 2016. Devel-
opment of accumulative coast of the northeast coast of
the Black Sea in the late Holocene. Theory and methods
of the modern geomorphology. Materials of the XXXV
Plenum of the Geomorphological commission of RAS,
Simferopol, on October 3-8, 2016. Simferopol, 2: 282-
286.
Popov,B.A.,Sovershaev,V.A.1981.Principlesforselecting
inputdataforthecalculationofwaveenergyflows.The
coastalseaarea:47‐52.Moscow:Nauka.
Simonov, A.I. 1958. Hydrology of mouth area of Kuban.
Moscow:Gidrometeoizdat.
http://meteorf.ru
www.tamaninfo.ru
