219
1 INTRODUCTION
The development of civilisation, scientific and
technical progress and new geopolitical situation in
the world, cause the forms and means of threat to
change.
Themostseriousdangeramongnewthreatstothe
international system and safety of individual
countries, including Poland, creates international
organised terrorism and organised crime, alt
hough
the degree of danger to the individual countries is
different. Terrorist attacks are directed at important
persons, institutions and countries to cause
destruction or panic. Unidentified explosive charges
areusedforthat purpose,aresimplehome‐madeor
remotelycontrolled.
Transportinfrastructureisbecomingrealthreatof
terrorists attacks, especially land transport including
subways,railroadtrains,bussesandbridges.
Unlikeairlines,wheresecuritycheckpointsscreen
passengers and luggage, mass transit options like
passengertrains,subwaysandbuses,aredesignedto
be easily accessible and are therefore harder to
protect.Themostlikelykindofattackonsubwaysor
buseswouldinvolvesettingoffconventionalbombs,
the materials and know‐how are readily available
(TargetsforTerrorsim,2006).Lesslikelybutfarmore
devastating scenarios involve the release of
achemical agent such as sarin gas or a biological
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsthreatassessmentofpotentialterroristattackstothetransportinfrastructure.
Therangeoftransportationinfra structurehasspreadandincludesrailway,inlandwaterways,road,maritime,
air,intermodaltransportinfrastructureandintelligenttransportsystems(ITS).ITSserviceistheprovisionof
an ITS applicat
ion through a well‐defined organisational and operational framework with the aim of
contributing to the user safety, efficiency, comfort and/or to facilitate or support transport and travel
operations.Terrorismmeansactsofviolencecommittedbygroupsthatviewthemselvesasvictimizedbysome
notablehistoricalwrong.Althoughthesegroupshave noformalconnectionwithgovernments,theyusually
havethefinancialandmora
lbackingofsympatheticgovernments.Typically,theystageunexpectedattackson
civiliantargets, including transport infrastructure, with the aimof sowing fear andconfusion. Based on the
analyses,transportationinfrastructureispotentiallythreatenedwithterrorisma
ttacks,especiallyroadandrail
infrastructure(about23%),andtoasmallerdegreethemaritimeandairtransportinfrastructure(about2%).
Therewere90,3%ofincidentsinvolvelandtransport(74,5%–vehicles,9,5%–buses,6,3%‐rail)coveredthe
41‐yearperiod1967‐2007intheUSA.Legalstepstofightterrorismhavebeenta
kenontheinternationallevel,
furthermore,someinstitutionshavebeenestablishedforthispurpose.
Threat Assessment of Potential Terrorist Attacks to
the Transport Infrastructure
G.Nowacki
M
ilitaryUniversityof
T
echnology,Warsaw,Poland
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 8
Number 2
June 2014
DOI:10.12716/1001.08.02.07
220
agent such as anthrax or smallpox into a subway
system. Terroristscouldalsoderailapassengertrain
or blow up a bridge or tunnel, killing many people
and crippling a city’s infrastructure for months or
evenyears(TargetsforTerrorsim,2006).
Modern transport system must therefore be least
susceptible to dangers and durable from the
economics,socialandenvironmentalprotectionpoint
ofview.
Building future plans of the transport sector
development, it is necessary to be aware of it’s
economic significance. Total expenditure for this
sector,
about1000billionEURO,representsover10%
EU gross product. It determines development of
infrastructure andtechnology, whose cost to the
society is not a subject of questioning. Due to the
significanceoftheexpendituresintransportandtheir
particularroleintheeconomicgrowth,theauthorsof
the
RomeTreaty have foreseen creating joint policy,
subjecttospecificregulations.
Transport infra structure represents a basis for
functioning of the economy and it’s development
should be shaped with a care to the modernity and
effectiveness, especially taking into account
considerablecostsofthisdevelopment.Theimportant
reason is ensuring functional and
developmental
coherenceonthemainlyEuropeanscale.
The transport networks, thanks to the fact that
theyfacilitatetheflowofpeople,freight,increasethe
possibilities of the trade exchange, affect integration
of the domestic markets – make it possible for
individualregionstodevelop.
The European program of activities for
the road
trafficsafetydefinesmainareasofactions,andamong
them better protection of cars by introducing new
technical solutions and improving road
infrastructure thanks to the application of the
intelligenttransportsystems.
2 THETRANSPORTINFRASTRUCTURE
2.1 Theterminologyofthetransportinfrastructure
The infrastructure is a group of
the essential
equipment and institutions, necessary for a correct
functioning of the economy and society (Schmid &
Jongman1988,Encyclopaedia1982).
In view of W. Mirowski, the infrastructure is an
international term, meaning a group of essential
objects, equipment and institutions of a service
characternecessaryforthecorrectfunctioning
ofthe
society and production branches of economy
(Mirowski1996).
Transportis a transfer of people,freight in space
using appropriate means (Rydzkowski &
Wojewódzka‐Król 2008). Transport is closely linked
with the remaining branches of economy. It’s
developmentisaconditionfortheirdevelopmentand
viceversa–theworsening
ofeconomicalortransport
development is associated with worsening of the
situationinrespectivelytransportandeconomy.
The transport infrastructure is mainly created by
thethreeessentialgroups:
routes of all types of transport (road, railways,
inlandwaterways,maritimeandair),
transport junctions (intersections, airports, ports,
rail stations,
intermodal terminals, logistics
centres,etc.),
auxiliary equipment for the direct servicing of
routesandtransportjunctions.
Theterm„transportinfrastructure”andit’sscope
havebeendefinedintheUnionlegislationandhave
notchangedforalongtime,practicallysince1970till
2011.Accordingto the Regulation(EEC) No1108/70
of the Council of 4 June 1970 and Regulation (EEC)
No2598/70of the Commissionof 18December 1970
and Commission Regulation (EC) No 851/2006 of 9
June2006,thetransportinfrastructuremeansallroads
and permanent equipment for the three types of
transport,whicharenecessaryforensuringflow
and
safetyoftraffic.
The definition and scope of the transport
infrastructurewillbechangedthisyear,basedonthe
final proposal for a Regulation of the European
Parliament and of the Council on Union guidelines
(COM650final 2011/0294)forthedevelopmentofthe
Trans‐EuropeanTransportNetworkconcerningunion
guidelinesforthedevelopmentofthetrans‐European
transport network (planned date of acceptance‐
March2012).
2.2 Thetypesofthetransportinfrastructure
According to a new decree, the transport
infrastructure, including that of trans‐European
transportnetwork,consistsof:
Railwaytransportinfrastructure,
Inlandwaterwaysinfrastructure,
Road
transportinfrastructure,
Maritimetransportinfrastructure,
Airtransportinfrastructure,
Multimodaltransportinfrastructure,
Equipment and intelligent transport systems
associatedwiththetransportinfrastructure.
ITS means systems in which information and
communication technologies are applied in the field
of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles
and users, and in traffic management
and mobility
management, as well as for interfaces with other
modes of transport (Directive 2010/40/EU; Nowacki
2012).
On the 16 of December 2008 the European
Commission published Announcement‐Plan of the
introduction of the intelligent transport systems in
Europe,COM(2008)886,whichfounditsreflectionin
theDirective2010/40/EUof
theEuropeanParliament
andoftheCouncilof7July2010,M/453mandateof6
October 2009 and Commission Implementing
Decision 2011/453/EU of 13 July 2011 executive
decision.
From the presented analysis of the subject
literatureittranspiresthatthescopeofthetransport
infrastructurewillwiden,andadditionally,ineach
of
the infras tructure category the intelligent transport
systemshavebeenhighlighted.
221
Transport infrastructure as a potential target of
terrorist attack should be a critical input into risk
management policy regarding risk allocation
decisions.Terrorismattackontransportinfrastructure
can cause collateral damage to neighbouring
environment,includingmassiveeconomicandsocial
consequencesthatrelyuponthatinfrastructure.
Transport infrastructure protection might include
ma
jor highways, bridges, railways, and it also
typically addresses air transportation, including air
trafficcontroloperationsandairportsecurityaswell
aswaterways.
3 CHARACTERIZATIONOFTERRORISM
3.1 Thetermandessenceofterrorism
Terrorismisnotanewphenomenon,butisavariable,
multi‐levelanddynamicone,asamongtheothers,the
forms,mea
nsandobjectivesoftheterroristactivities,
change.Theterrorismphenomenonisaffectedbythe
civilizationdevelopment and scientific and technical
progress, especially as far as new communication
means, mass media and advanced communication
technologiesareconcerned.
TheUSDefenceDepartmentdefinestheterrorism
as unlawful use or the threa
t of using force or
violence against people, property, to pressurize or
scarethegovernmentsorsocietiestoachievepolitical,
religiousorideologicalaims(Aleksandrowicz2008).
Theterm–terrorism,shouldbeunderstoodsolely
astheuseofviolencebytheindividualsorgroupsof
people,toexertthepressurebothonthegovernment
and public opinion as well as the groups of people
andindividualpersons(Olechów2002).
A. Schmidt defined the classic terrorism, as an
a
ttack of a subversive forces on the innocent
individuals, aimed at causing fear, kill or injure
people,andthusforcethepolit
icalconcessionsfroma
person or organisation not actually being a direct
victim of an assault, and to which the attacked
individuals do not belong. (Schmidt 1988). This
criterionwasusedin1988byAlexSchmidandAlbert
Jongman. They made a statistical analysis of 109
terrorism definitions and concluded that the most
frequent
ly occurring elements of terrorism are
(Schmidt&Jongman1988)–Fig.1:
violence/force–83,5%,
politicalaspectofthephenomenon–65%,
fear–51%,
threats–47%,
psychologicaleffect–41,5%,
existing discrepancies between the target and
victim–7,5%,
planned, purposeful, systematic and organised
act
ions–32%,
fighting,strategicandtacticalmethods–30,5%.
According to the UN, the terrorism (Latin) are
various ideologically motivated, planned and
organised actions of individual people or groups
resulting in violating the existing legal order,
undertaken for the purpose of forcing the state
aut
horities and society into certain behaviours and
benefiting actions, often violating the welfare of the
outsiders. These actions are performed with an
outmost ruthlessness, by various means (physical
violence,useofweaponsandexplosions),inorderto
give them maximum publicity and intentionally
causing fear in the society (The report of UNIC
2012).
Figure1. The most frequently occurring elements of
terrorism(Schmid,A.P.andJongman,A.1988)
AccordingtotheCriminalCode(The actfrom16
April 2004) the crime of a terrorist character is
aforbidden act punishable by an imprisonment,
whose limit is at least 5 years, and which is
committedinorderto:
seriouslyfrightenmanypeople,
force the public authorities of the Republic of
Poland, other countries or the int
ernational
organisationauthorities,toundertakeorabandon
certainactivities,
cause serious disturbances in the political system
or the economy of the Republic of Poland, other
countries or the international organisation – as
wellasthethreatofcommittingsuchanact.
The main forms of the terrorist a
ttacks are
(Pawłowski1994):
assault against life– is directed most often
againstimportantpersons,politicalpartyleaders,
bomber attack – exerts specific psychological
pressureonthesociety,
hijackingvehicleorplane,
takinghostages,kidnapping–servesthepurpose
ofusingthemasatra
deoverelementinmeeting
thedemands.
Itneedstobenotedalsothat95%terroristattacks
intheworldwereconductedusingexplosives.
According to RMS’ historical catalogue of macro
terrorism attacks (defined as attacks with the
minimum severity of a car bomb), the terrorist
violence has increased subst
antially since 2001
(Coburn & Paul &Vyas & Woo & Yeo 2012). More
than 2 400 macro attacks have occurred worldwide
since 2001, killing over 37 000 people and injuring
nearly70000.
The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) has
indicated in its inaugural global terrorism index of
158countries,tha
tonly31havehadnoattacksinthe
tenyearsfrom2002to2011(InstituteforEconomics&
Peace2012).Yetalthoughthe attacks are distributed
widely around the world, the majority are
concentratedinjustahandfulofcountries.Iraqranks
222
first weighted average of the number of incidents,
deaths, injuries and estimated property damage.
Other terrorist hotspots include Pakistan,
Afghanistan,IndiaandYemen(Tab.1).
Table1.Globalterrorismindexfrom2002to2011
(InstituteforEconomics&Peace.Dec4th2012)
_______________________________________________
Rank CountryScore
_______________________________________________
1 Iraq 9.56
2 Pakistan 9.05
3 Afghanistan 8.67
4 India 8.15
5 Yemen 7.31
6 Somalia 7.24
7 Nigeria 7.24
8 Thailand 7.09
9 Russia 7.07
10 Philippines6.80
_______________________________________________
Thetotalnumberofterroristattacksandterrorism‐
related arrests in the EU continued to decrease in
2011.Themainfiguresfor2011are:
174terroristattacksinEUMemberStates,
Lone actors were responsible for the killing of 2
personsinGermany,and77personsinthenon‐EU
countryNorway.
Thetota
lnumberofterroristattacksintheEUhas
decreasedto219,but17peoplewerekilled.
3.2 Terroristattacksconductedonthetransport
infrastructureobjects
Facilitiesaccessibletolargenumbersofpeople,such
astransportinfrastructurefacilitiesandvehiclesare
vulnerabletoattackbyva
ndals,extremists,terrorists,
andothercriminals.Forexample,theMarch11,2004
Madrid commuter train bombings by terrorists
inspired by Al‐Qaeda killed nearly 200 people and
wounded1800.And,onthemorningofJuly7,2005,
four suicide bombers successfully detonated bombs
on the London Underground, killing 52 people and
injuring over 700 (Coburn & Paul &Vyas & Woo &
Yeo2012).
InviewoftheAonGl
obalRiskConsultingexperts,
the most often targeted trade by the terrorists was
retailtrade‐24,18%(ThereportofAon2008)‐Tab.2.
Affected were not only the shopping centres or
supermarkets, but also small gastronomy outlets,
restaurants, clubs and ba
rs. It is possible to indicate
threemainreasonsfortheterroristattacksintheretail
sector.Firstofall,vastpartofthemisdirectedatthe
shopsownedbynon‐Islamicpeople.
Secondly, the terrorists often chose renowned
makes as the ta
rget of their attacks, which are a
symbol of the western world and capitalism. And
thirdly, theretail trade is an attractive target for the
attacksoftheterroristgroupsduetothepossibilityof
causing significant human losses, serious difficulties
in the everyday life and an effective scaring of the
civilianpopula
tion.
Table2.Terrorismattacksonvarioustrade
_______________________________________________
Varioustrade%
_______________________________________________
Retailtrade,gastronomy 24,18%
Landtransport(road,railways) 23,36%
Miningindustry 14,55%
Infrastructure(objectsofthestateauthorities, 8,2%
localgovernments,public,religiouscult)
Construction 5,74%
Tourism 6,56%
Finances 2,05%,
Airtransport 2,46%
Maritimetransport 2,25%
Publicutilityenterprises 2,25%
Other8,4%
_______________________________________________
Thesecondpla
ceonthelistoftheterroristattacks
takes road and railways transport infrastructure (23,
36%).
The selected terrorist attacks conducted in 1970‐
2011,arepresentedinthetable3.
Table 3. Selected terrorist attacks carried out on the
transportinfrastructureobjects
_______________________________________________
Place,date Typeofattack Victims
_______________________________________________
Israel,PLOattackonthe9childrenand3adults
8May1970. schoolbus.diedand19were
injured.
Switzerland– Bombexplosionin 47peopledied.
Israel,onboardofthe
21February1970Swissair330airliner.
Yugoslavia AttackontheDC‐927peopledied(23
26January1972.aircraftofthe
passengersand4crew
Yugoslavairline. members).
Israel Bombattackatthe26peopledied,78
30May1972 LodairportinIsraelwereinjured.
India,Bombattackon 329peopledied.
23June1985 boardofthe
Boeing747
Japan,AttackonTokyo 13peopledied,5
20March1995. underground,us
ingthousandwere
saringas.seriouslyintoxicated
USA,AttackonWTC 2973peopledied,19
11September2001.andPentagon. hijackersand26people
weremissing
Spain,Bombattackin 191peopledied,1900
11March2004.Madrid wereinjured.
underground.
Russia,Bom
battackin 41peopledied,and
6February2004.Moscowover100wereinjured.
underground.
G.Britain, Bombattackin 52peopledied,andat
7July2005.Londonleast700wereinjured.
underground.
India,Bombattack 68peopledied,many
19February2007expresstrain. wereinjured.
Africa,
Coachcarrying Atleast195people
8January2010. Togosoccerplayers died,about300were
toanAfricannationsinjured.
Cupmachinegunned.
Russia,Bombattackon Atleast39people
29March2010. undergroundinthedied,and102were
centreofMoscow,injured
carriedoutbytwo
su
icidewomen.
Russia,Bombattackatthe 36peopledied,andat
24January2011 Domodiedowo least180wereinjured
airport.
Belarus,Bombattackin 15peopledied,and
11April2011. Minsk204wereinjured
underground.
_______________________________________________
223
Transport infrastructure is a frequent target of
terroristattacks because ofits significance inseveral
dimensions (Zeng & Chawathe & Wang 2007).
Becausephysicaltransportationnetworksattractlarge
numbers of people, they’re a high value targets for
terrorists intending to inflict heavy casualties.
Transport infrastructure is important to the modern
economy, and related damages and destruction can
have quick ripple effect
s. Operationally,
transportation systems interact with and provide
support for other systems, such as emergency
response and public health, in complex ways.
Terroristscanperceiveanattackonsuchalink(that
is, one that connects many systems) as an efficient
mea
ns to create confusion, counter the
countermeasures,anddamagethetargetedsocietyas
awhole.Furthermore,transportinfrastructurecanbe
boththemeansandtheendofanattack,makingthem
a critical part of almost all terrorist attacks in the
physicalworld.
Tab. 4 shows the yearly counts of tra
nsportation
related terrorist incidents from 1998 to 2004, broken
downbytransportationmode.
Table4.Terrorismincidentsbytransportationmode
(Zeng,D.,Chawathe,Sudarshan,S.,Wang,FeiYue,2007)
_______________________________________________
YearTransportationmode
Maritime AirLand(roadandrail)
_______________________________________________
199817 36
199929 54
2000211 56
2001212 28
2002010 41
200315 41
20042525
_______________________________________________
Susan Pantell has presented terrorist a
ttacks
involvingtransportinfrastructure,especiallyvehicles
and facilities being tallied and covered the 41‐year
period1967‐2007intheUSA(Fig.2).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Vehicles
Bus
Air
Rail
Transit
Maritime
Other
Figure2. Terrorist incidents involving transport
infrastructureinUSA(LightRailNowProject,2008)
According to presented data, 90,3% of incidents
involvelandtransport(74,5%–vehicles,9,5%–buses,
6,3%‐rail),8,3%‐airtransport,only0,9%maritime
transportand0,5%other.
Airtransport(8,3%,whichclearlyhasbeenshown
to be quite vulnerable, and, along with motor
vehicles, a favoured target – and inst
rument – of
terrorists) has been subjected to acomparatively
rigorous security crackdown; on the other hand,
privatemotorvehiclesmovementhasbeensubjected
tobasically nothingin termsofcomparableongoing
securitymeasures.
Recentterroristattacksontransportinfrastructure
have highlighted the vulnerability of road and rail
networks, reinforcing the import
ance of good risk
assessmentstoprotectsomeofourbiggestassets.
Throughout the European Union there are five
millionkilometresofroad,andamongthem:
65000kmofthesebeingmotorways,
212000kmraillines,
as well as 42000 km of navigable inland
waterways.
According to Brian D. Taylor, director of the
InstituteofTra
nsportationStudiesattheUniversityof
California (UCTC 2010), acts of terrorism intersect
withtransportinfrastructureinthreeways:
When transportation is the means by which
aterroristattackisexecuted,
When transportation is the end, or target, of
aterrorista
ttack,
Whenthecrowdsthatmanytransportationmodes
generatearethefocusofaterroristattack.
4 COMBATINGTERRORISM
4.1 Taskstocombatterrorism
Transport inf rastructure is inherently vulnerable to
terrorist attacks, as it is an open area that gathers
large numbers of people at predictable ti
mes in
predictableplaces.
As defined earlier, transport infrastructure
includesphysica lfacilities,equipment,assets,service
networks, and communication and computing
hardware and software that enables information
access and transactions (Zeng & Chawathe & Wang
2007).
Transport security encompasses mass passenger
transportsystemssuchasroads,bridgesandtunnels,
bus terminals and rail stations, tra
ms, and air cargo
supply chains and maritime ports. From the
mentioned aspects, transport infrastructure security
tasks should include relevant application context as
follows:
physical access management and control of
employeesandpassengers,
perimeterintrusiondetection,
vulnerabilityassessment,
intrusion detection and access control in the
cyberspa
ceinwhichpertinentinformationsystems
operateandexchangedata,
relatedsimulationanddecisionsupporttools.
Transportplaysanimportantroleintheeconomic
growth and globalization because of connecting to
othereconomysectors.
Transportinfrastructuresecurityisthecomplexof
roles, responsibilities and relationships in the
differentsectors(Roads,Railways,Inlandwaterways,
Air and Maritime, Mult
imodal) and refers to other
economy sectors. Thus transport infrastructure
224
security management against terrorist attacks, needs
multi agency and multi jurisdictional domain,
regulatory,lawenforcementandintelligenceagencies
oninternationalandnationallevels.
4.2 Internationalinstitutionstofightterrorism
UN has taken many efforts to fight terrorism since
1963 and accepted many conventions. Security
Council created Counter‐Terrorism Committee
Executive
Directorate (CTED) based on resolution
1535 from 2004. General Secretary appointed UN
Counter‐Terrorism Implementation Task Force‐
CTITFin2005.
On 8September 2006 all UN member states
acceptedGlobalStrategyofCombatingTerrorism.For
thefirsttimeinhistoryajointstandhasbeenagreed
oncombatingterrorism.Accepting
GlobalStrategyof
Combating Terrorism crowns years of efforts and at
thesametimefulfilstheobligationmadebytheworld
leaders at the World Summit in September 2005.
While developing strategy, many proposals and
recommendations presented by aformer Secretary
GeneralKofiAnnanweretakenintoaccount.
The basis for
the strategy is unequivocal,
unconditionalandfirmcondemnationofterrorismin
all it’s forms – used by anybody, anywhere and for
whatever reasons. The strategy establishes concrete
measures, that are to be taken in order to eliminate
causes for spreading terrorism and to strengthen
individualandjointcapabilityofnations
andUnited
Nations in preventing and combating terrorism,
protecting simultaneously human rights and legal
rules.
The strategy combines many new proposals and
strengthenings of the current actions taken by the
member states, UN system and other international
andregional institutions into a common platform of
strategicco‐operation.
The General Assembly
reviewed the
implementation of the United Nations Global
Counter‐TerrorismStrategyon28‐29June2012atthe
UNheadquartersinNewYork.TheStrategyrefersto
activitiesoffourpillars,whichare:
1 Addressingconditionsconducivetothespreadof
terrorism,
2 Preventingandcombatingterrorism,
3 Capacity‐building
to prevent and combat
terrorism,
4 Respectforhumanrightsandtheruleoflaw.
Theterrorismcreatesdirectdangertothesafetyof
the NATO states and for the international stability
and welfare.The terrorist groups infiltrate and
propagateintheareasofastrategicsignificancetothe
Alliance, modern
technology causes increase of the
danger and potential threat of the terrorist attacks,
especially if the terrorists were to come into
possession of the nuclear, chemical, biological or
radiologicalcapabilities.
At the NATO level operates EADRCC (Euro‐
Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre),
created in June 1998, at the NATO Head
Quarters,
based on the motion put forward by the Russian
Federation. Created, as part of the Partnership for
Peace program, Centre co‐ordinates NATO the
partnerstates’actionsintheareaoftheEuro‐Atlantic
inareactiontonaturaldisastersandthosecausedby
a man. All those tasks are conducted in aclose co‐
operationwiththeUN OfficefortheCo‐ordinationof
Humanitarian Aid (UN OCHA), which has been
entrusted with asuperior role in co‐ordinating
international actions during disasters. Since 2001
EADRCC has played a role in co‐ordinating the
reactionofthecountriesto
aterroristattackswiththe
useofchemical,biologicalorradiologicalweapons,as
well as the activities managing the consequences of
thoseevents.
The Military Concept for Defence against
Terrorism and the Partnership Action Plan Against
TerrorismweretakeninPragueSummitin2002.The
Terrorist Threat Intelligence Unit – (TTIU)
was
createdinIstanbulSummitin2004.
The Euro‐Atlantic Partnership Councilʹs
PartnershipActionPlan against Terrorism,launched
at Prague, is updated annually. The Alliance set
another important milestone at the November 2006
RigaSummitbyendorsingaComprehensivePolitical
Guidance that highlights the threats posed by
terrorism and
the spread of weapons of mass
destruction,amongothers(Steinhäusler,F.,Edwards
F.2005).
Afully operationalNATO ResponseForce (NRF)
canbeusedtofightagainstterrorism.TheNRFwill
serve as a catalyst for transformation and
interoperability, and by doing so will enhance the
qualityofAlliedarmedforces
whethertheybeused
for NATO, EU, UN or national operations. At Riga,
member countries expressed their support for
mechanismstoensurelong‐termforcegenerationand
to allow for a more sustainable and transparent
approach to maintain the Forceʹs future capabilities.
While neither the NRF nor the recently‐
approved
Special Operations Forces Transformation Initiative
are intended to be used exclusively for counter‐
terrorism purposes, they enhance the Allianceʹs
ability to mount expeditionary operations. This
capability, in turn, will invariably prove useful in
confrontingthreatsthatoriginatewithinfailedstates
(Steinhäusler,F.,EdwardsF.2005).
The 2010 Strategic Concept
threats include the
proliferation of nuclear weapons, terrorism, cyber
attacks and key environmental and resource
constraints.NATOhasadopteda holisticapproachto
crisismanagement,envisagingNATOinvolvementat
all stages of a crisis. NATO will therefore engage,
wherepossibleandwhennecessary,topreventcrises,
manage crises, stabilize post‐
conflict situations and
supportreconstruction.
Inaccordance with a strategic concept of defence
and safety of the members of the NATO treaty, the
Alliance takes on itself obligation to prevent crises,
terrorist threats, managing conflicts and stabilising
post‐conflictsituations,including closer co‐operation
withinternational partners, especially United
NationsOrganisation
andEuropeanUnion.
The European Council on the 25 march 2004
acceptedtheDeclarationand aPlan,beinganannex
totheDeclaration,oncombatingterrorism.Oneofthe
most important provisions is an acceptance of, so
225
called,solidaritycause.Itenvisages,thatincaseofthe
terroristattackonanyEUmemberstate,allremaining
members will mobilise every available means, they
regard as appropriate (including military ones), to
helpthestateintrouble.Inthedeclaration,thereisa
reference also to the European Security Strategy of
December2003,inwhichtheterrorismwasregarded
asoneofthemostseriousdangerstotheint
ernational
security.
The 2010 Strategic Concept threats include the
proliferation of nuclear weapons, terrorism, cyber
attacks and key environmental and resource
constraints.NATOhasadoptedaholisticapproachto
crisismanagement,envisagingNATOinvolvementat
all stages of a crisis. NATO will therefore engage,
wherepossibleandwhennecessary,topreventcrises,
ma
nage crises, stabilize post‐conflict situations and
supportreconstruction.
The European Council on the 25 march 2004
acceptedtheDeclarationandaPlan,beinganannex
totheDeclaration,oncombatingterrorism.Oneofthe
most import
ant provisions is an acceptance of, so
called,solidaritycause.Itenvisages,thatincaseofthe
terroristattackonanyEUmemberstate,allremaining
members will mobilise every available means, they
regard as appropriate (including military ones), to
helpthestateintrouble.Inthedeclarat
ion,thereisa
reference also to the European Security Strategy of
December2003,inwhichtheterrorismwasregarded
asoneofthemostseriousdangerstotheinternational
security.
At the EU level there has been Monitoring and
Information Centre (MIC) established, which is
available and ca
pable of an immediate reaction, 24
hoursa day,andalsoservingthememberstatesand
the European Commission to react to dangers. The
Centre serves 31 states (28 EU states and
Lichtenstein,IcelandandNorway).
More over, the Common Emergency
Communication and Information System (CECIS) is
used in the Crises Situations in order to enable the
communicationbetween MIC and the contact points
inthememberstatesaswellassharingbythemthe
informat
ionandmanagingthem.
The Schengen zone countries use Schengen
Information System – SIS, and the access to the
system is in the possession of the police, consular
offices and Border Gua
rd together with Customs
Offices and it enables the verification of people
during the border control as well as during the
controlwithinthecountry.
The Counter‐Terrorism Coordinator(CTC), the
Counter Terrorism Group (CTG) and the Joint
Situation Centre(SITCEN) were appointed to fight
terrorismintheEuropeanUnion.
At the EU level there have been independent
inst
itutions:Europol,EurojustandFrontex.
Europol(EuropeanPoliceOffice) istheEuropean
Union law enforcement agency that handles the
exchange and analysis of criminal intelligence in
preventing terrorismand serious international crime
inordertoraise thesafetywithin theentireEurope.
Europolcommencedit
sfullactivitieson1July1999.
Eurojust (The European Unionʹs Judicial
Cooperation Unit ) is a body established in 2002 to
stimulate and improve the co‐ordination of
investigationsandprosecutions amongthecompetent
judicial authorities of the European Union Member
Stateswhen theydeal withserious cross‐borderand
organizedcrime.
Frontex (Franch: Frontières extérieures) is
aEuropean Agency for the Management of
Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of
the Member States of the European Union. Frontex
started to be operational on October 3, 2005 and is
headquart
eredinWarsaw.
Onthe wide internationalforum,INTERPOL has
beenused(190countries)–thepoliceorganisationof
the EU countries and those from outside the Union,
e.g.Belarus, Russia, Ukraine. The co‐operation ta
kes
place as part of the liaison officers network of the
Polish Police operating in such EU countries as
France, Holland, Germany, Great Britain, and
countries outside the Union, i.e. Belarus, Russia,
Ukraine.Theyhaveadirectaccesstothepolicedata
ba
ses(lost andwanted persons, dactyloscopic cards,
DNAprofiles,stolenvehiclesanddocuments,etc.).
4.3 Nationalinstitutions
In Poland combating terrorism is dealt with by the
following institutions (Strategy of National Security
fortheRepublicofPoland2007):
at the strategic level: Government Centre for
Security(GCS),NationalCrisisManagementTeam
(NCMT),Interdepa
rtmentalTeamfortheTerrorist
Threat (ITTT), Internal Security Agency (ISA),
Intelligence Agency (IA), Military Intelligence
Service (MIS), Military Counter‐Intelligence
Service (MCIS), Police Head Quarters (PHQ),
Border Guard Head Quarters (BGHQ), Chief
Inspector for the Financial Information (CIFI),
Customs Service (CS), State Fire Service Head
Quarters(SFBHQ),GovernmentProtectionBureau
(GPB), Milit
ary Police Head Quarters (MPHQ),
GeneralStaffofthePolishArmedForces,National
Atomic Energy Agency (NAEA), Civil Aviation
Authority (CAA), Polish Air Navigation Services
Agency(PANSA);
at the operational level: Counter‐Terrorist Centre
(Makarski2010,CTC2012).TheCTCoperatesina
twenty‐four‐hour system, 7 days a week. It
comprises, ap
art from officers of the Internal
Security Agency, seconded officers, soldiers and
employeesofe.g.thePolice,theBorderGuard,the
Government Protection Bureau, the Foreign
Intelligence Agency, the Military Intelligence
Service, the Military Count
erintelligence Service
and the Customs Service. They carry out tasks
within competences of the institution which they
represent.Furthermore,togetherwiththeCounter
– Terrorist Centreactivelycooperateotherbodies
which participate in the system of anti‐terrorist
protection of the Republic of Poland such as: the
Government Centre for Security, the Ministry of
ForeignAffairs,theStateFireService,theGenera
l
Inspector of Financial Information, the General
Staff of the Polish Armed Forces, the Polish
MilitaryGendarmerieetc.TheessenceoftheCTC
226
functioning system is coordination of the
information exchange process between the
antiterrorist protection system participants,
enabling implementation of the common
proceduresforreactingattheoccurrenceofoneof
thefourcategoriesofthedefinedthreat:
terrorist threat occurring outside the Polish
boarders but affecting the security of the
RP
andit’scitizens,
terrorist occurrence taking place on the Polish
territoryaffectingthesecurityoftheRPandit’s
citizens,
information obtained about a potential threats
that may take place on the Polish territory
outsidethePolishboarders,
information obtained concerning laundering
money or transferring financial
resources that
may be a proof of financing the terrorist
activities.
at the tactical level: special units, services and
institutions answering to the Internal Affairs
Minister (IAM), National Defence Minister
(NDM), Financial Minister (FM), Minister of
Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy
(MTCME),specialunits.
Intelligence and counter‐intelligence tasks of
the
special services (ISA, IA, MIS, MCIS) concern
recognising and counteracting the internal and
external occurrences, which threaten the state’s
interests. The essential role of the special services
relies on obtaining, analysing, processing and
conveyingtothecorrectauthorities,theinformation,
whichcanbeofconsiderablesignificanceforthestate
securityineveryaspect,aswellasonthepre‐emptive
informingaboutthepotentialand existingthreatsto
the country. Special attention is given to preventing
and counteracting the terrorism, protecting the
defence and economic capabilities of the country,
being a condition for it’s international position. The
special services ensure
the counterintelligence
protectionofthecountry,especiallyinrespecttothe
functioning of the main elements of the critical
infrastructure,includingtransportnetworks.
The superior objective of the Police actions is to
servethesocietybyeffectivelyprotectingthesecurity
of people and property as well as maintain security
and
public order. The Police prevent crime and
criminogenicphenomena,includingthoseofacross‐
boarder character, co‐operating with other guards,
servicesandstateinspectionsaswellasthepoliceof
other countries together with the international
organisations. The Police are prepared also for
providingawidersupporttomissionsconducted
by
otherstateandnone‐governmentalentities,aswellas
the Armed Forces of RP. Preventing and effective
response to the cases of organised crime should
remainthecareofnotonlythePolice,butalsoother
services and departments. Polish police should
actively participate and initiate solutions at the
international institutions of the police co‐operation,
suchasInterpolorEuropol,anddevelopthenetwork
of its liaison officers, actively representing Polish
policeoutsidethecountry.
Asthepriorityactions,shouldberegardedtheco‐
operation of the Police law enforcement bodies,
Internal Security Agency with the Anti‐Terrorist
Centre, for the purpose of eliminating the terrorist
andcriminalevents.
ThesuperiorobjectiveoftheBoarderGuardisan
effective protection of the state borders and
controllingtheboardertrafficinaccordancewiththe
interestsofthestatesecurityinterests.It’sspecialrole
is to protect one of the longest
land sections of the
external boarder of, both the European Union and
NATO, as well as the responsibilities resultingfrom
signingtheSchengenTreatybyPoland.
It is necessary to continue and improve co‐
operationbetween the Border Guard, thePolice and
otherservices.Themonitoringandmigrationcontrol
ofthe
foreignersontheentireterritoryofthecountry
is an important area requiring the intensification of
theco‐operationoftheseservices,whichshouldalso
havea preventive character. Both thePolice and the
BorderGuard,aspartofthestatutoryactivities,ought
to constantly monitor the threats of a
terrorist
character,co‐operatinginthat,withotherservices.
The superior objective of the State Fire Service is
recognising threats, preparing and carrying out the
rescue actions. The SFS possesses the capability to
immediately respond in cases of a threat to life and
health, environment and property as well as in
the
cases of the extraordinary threats, disasters and
naturaldisasters.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The terrorist attacks threats to the transport
infrastructurearequitesignificantworld‐wide,andso
farthistradeattractedabout24%ofallattackscarried
out.
According to intelligence agencies, criminals and
terrorists are planning to disrupt transport
infrastructureindifferentcountriesallovertheworld
becauseitistheopenarea thatgatherlargenumbers
ofpeopleatpredictabletimesinpredictableplaces.
The tasks referring to protecting people and
transport infrastructure while allowing transport
systemsto operateefficiently andeffectively, should
become a national and international priority.
The
solution requires global initiatives and close co‐
operationsoftransportoperators,police,securityand
other international organizations, including the UN,
NATOandEuropeanCommission.
The state services of the Republic of Poland are
well prepared to recognise, prevent and combat
terrorist threats. The most important is the co‐
operation
of all services as well as an early
recognitionofthethreatandnotallowingtheterrorist
attacktotakeplace(prevention).
Moreover,itwouldbeadvisabletoprepareguide
booksconcerningthebehaviourofpeopleinthecrises
situations, especially about the symptoms of the
terrorist attack, being prepared,
and the ways the
peopleshouldbehaveinsuchcases.
227
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