143

1 INTRODUCTION

Rapidly developing industry and technology since

the 19th century lead to increased oil  production

whichbecamethemanagingpoweroftheeconomic

structureandinturntoday’slargescalecommercial

oilcirculationisemerged(Soylu,2000).Asoneofthe

mostsignificantelementsofdevelopment,theenergy

and efficient use of such energy necessi

tated

connecting the countries supplying the energy to

demandingcentersviavarious transportationways,

aboveall,viapipelines inourworldgoingthrougha

rapid globalization process. Pipe line transportation

is fast, economic and safe. Furthermore, the large

scaleinvestmentissatisfiedinashortti

me.Startedat

the end of 19th century with small scale and short

distance lines, today, the oil and natural gas

transportation turned towards for longer distances

andathighpressuresviapipewithwiderdiameters

inparallelwiththeincreasedconsumption,demand

andtechnologicaladvancements(ÇubukandCansız,

2005).

While the pipe line tra

nsportation is a high cost

investment compared to land and maritime

transport,thepipelinetransportationhasadvantages

such as being faster, safer and more ecological

compared to other transportation modes and not

being affected by atmosphericconditions as well as

having a shorter return on invest

ment period.

Therefore, transporting oil  and natural gas to the

consumption areas via pipe lines in the most

economicalwaystandsout(TUBİTAK,2003).

Generally,pipelinesareexaminedintwogroups

ascrudeoilpipelinesandnaturalgaspipelines.The

oil is tra nsported to ports or markets from regions

with rich fields via crude oil pipelines (Çubuk and

nsız,2005).Constitutingthebasisofthemaritime

system, ports are the locations where ships and

marinevesselsberth,andperformoperationssuchas

Simulation Model on Determining of

Port Capacity

and Queue Size: A Case Study for BOTAS Ceyhan

Marine Terminal

Ö.Uğurlu&E.Yüksekyıldız

aritimeTransportationandManagementEngineeringDepartment,KaradenizTechnicalUniversity,Trabzon,Turkey

E.Köse

NavalArchitectureandMarineEngineeringDepartment,KaradenizTechnicalUniversity,Trabzon,Turkey

ABSTRACT: Simulation programs are a useful and effective tool for analysis of projects requiring high

investmentcosts,studiestoimprovethefunctioningofanexistingsystem,andtheanalysisoftheeffectiveness

andefficiency.Theymakeitpossibletocontrolofsystemorsubstructurebylessinvest

mentcost.Simulation

modelsareoftenusedinportmodeling,capacityanalysis,queuesizeandportefficiency.

Inthisstudy,simulationmodelofloadingterminalsoftheBOTAŞCeyhanpipelineweredone.Forthisreason,

AWESIMsimulationprogramwasused.Thismodelingevaluatedfor365daysandeachshiphasa

pproached

theportwithintervalsof12‐24,12‐36,24‐36and24‐48hours.Stormydaysinayearhavebeenassumedas30.

Each ship demands  trailer and pilotage service when approaching and leaving the port. In this simulation

model;shiptypes,capacities,comingfrequencies,loadingti

mes,maneuveringtimeandtransportationcapacity

ofBOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalwereinvestigated.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 8

Number 1

March 2014

DOI:10.12716/1001.08.01.16

144

loading, unloading, maintenance and supply. It is

difficult to solve the problems of ports analytically.

The complexity of port functions has a complex

structure dynamically, as in production systems.

Utilizing simulation system in analysis of complex

structureisinevitable(Demircietal.,2000;Demirci,

2003).Simulation isa scientificmethodology

 that is

performed to understand the behavior of a real

system without disrupting its environment.

Simulation has been used in different systems such

asurban, economic, production, transportation, and

the maritime field (Hassan, 1993). In the maritime

field, for example, simulation methods were

constructedtoanalyzetheimpactofterminal

layouts

and to determine the optimum level  of equipment

investment(Hayuth,1994).

2 LITERATUREREVIEW

Simulationapplicationsareoneofthemostadvanced

and powerful in system analysis. The simulation

approach would enable the designer and analyst to

foresee the behavior of such system (Azadeh and

Farahani, 1998). Simulation applications are

 often

usedonportmodeling.

In the study conducted by Alan, B. Pritsker the

frequency of vessels arriving at a tanker port in

Africa, their duration at the port, days with stormy

weatherareassessedandtheoperabilityoftheport

and the tugboat activity are evaluated (Pritsker,

1986).Teo

(1993)builtananimatedsimulationmodel

ofacontainerport and investigatedthe movements

of containers with automatic guided vehicles (Teo,

1993). Ramani (1996) has developed an interactive

computer simulation model in order to support the

logistic planning of container operations (Ramani,

1996). In the study conducted by Köse, Başar,



Demirci, Güneroğlu and Erkebay, the traffic stream

of the Bosphorus is modeled in AWESIM and

investigated the effects of the new pipe line to be

built on the strait traffic (Köse et al., 2003). In the

study conducted by Yeo, Roe and Soak (2007), the

maritimetrafficcongestionpotential

ofBusanportis

evaluated using an AWE‐SIM simulation model.

They concluded that one of the existing mooring

berthswithintheharborreachneedstoberemoved

andtwoquaysshallbeexpandedinordertoprevent

thetrafficcongestion(Yeoetal.,2007).

3 METHOD

Investigatingthesystembehaviors

usingsimulation

techniqueaimstopredictthefuturebehaviorsofthe

existing or future system to be built. In studies

conductedusingsimulations,itispossibletoseethe

results by applying strategies merely on the

simulationmodelwithoutmakinganychangestothe

actualsystem(Ali,2008;Demirciet

al.,2000).Onthe

other hand designing simulation models is difficult

andtimeconsumingandallowsmaking predictions

regarding the actual system. Simulation studies

generally consist of various stages. These well‐

arranged stages are monitored separately and the

relations in each stage are investigated (Demirci et

al., 2000). Simulation project adapting

 the general

model to the specific problem situation plays

essentialrole(Neumann,2011).

Thisstudy ispreparedinordertodetermine the

handling capacity and usability of BOTAŞ Ceyhan

MarineTerminal.Furthermorethefollowingaspects

of the BOTAŞ Ceyhan Marine Terminal are

investigated: number of incoming vessels, queue

valuesfor

berthingintheport,vesselwaitingtimes

for berthing, usability values of the ports, queue

valuesfortugboatservice,thetime the vessels wait

forgettingtugboatservice,totaltugboatactivity.Stay

inport durations, frequency of arriving to the port,

stormydaysandthetugboatservicerenderedarethe

most

 critical criteria of this study. Accordingly

AWESIMsimulationmodelingapplicationisusedin

thepresentstudy.

3.1 AWESIM

AWESIM refers to the simulation language for

problem solving. It may be used in courses,

professional life, industrial engineering, managerial

works, operational  works and computer sciences.

AWESIM is a simulation language for

alternative

modeling. High level understanding and compiling

of AWESIM lead to an increase in worldwide

simulationandmodelingutilization(Pritsker,1996).

An AWESIM project consists of one or more

scenarios, each of which represents a particular

system alternative. A scenario contains component

parts. AWESIM incorporates the Visual SLAM

modeling methodology. The

 basic component of a

VisualSLAMmodelisa network, or flow diagram,

which graphically portrays the flow of entities

(people, parts or information, for example) through

thesystem. A VisualSLAM network ismade up of

ʺnodesʺatwhichprocessingisperformed,connected

byʺactivitiesʺ which define the routing

 of entities

and the time required to perform operations 

(O’Reilly and Lilegdon, 1999). Symbols frequently

used in AWESIM are shown in Table1 along with

theirdescriptions.

Thecreatenodecreatesanewentitywithinthe

networkatintervalsdefinedbyTBC(TimeBetween

Creations)andcansavethearrival

timeasanentity

attribute. TF; time the first entityenters the system,

MA; variable used to maintain mark time, MC;

maximum number of entities to create. Activity

determinesthetimeoftheactivities.Thedurationof

an activity is the time delay experienced by the

activity. DUR; specifies the duration

 of the activity

using either explicit time or a distribution,

CONDITION/PROBABILITY; specifies under what

circumstance/probabilityaparticularbranchwillbe

traversed by an entity,N;represents the number

ofparallel identicalserversiftheactivityrepresents

servers,A;istheactivitynumberwithinthemodel.

A Queue node

is location in the network where

entitieswaitforservice.Whenanentityarrivesata

Queuenode,itsdispositiondependsonthestatusof

the service activity that follows the Queue node. If

theserverisidle,theentitypassesthroughtheQueue

nodeandgoesimmediatelyintotheservice

activity.

Ifallserversarebusy,theentitywaitsinafileatthe

Queue node until a server becomes available. The

145

sequenceofoccurrencesinqueueisevaluatedinthe

prioritynodeoutsidethenetwork.FIFO(FirstInFirst

Out)isthedefaultpriorityforfiles.IQ;initialnumber

in queue, QC; capacity of queue, IFL; file number.

The Terminate node is used to delete entities from

thenetwork.Itmaybeusedtospecifythenumberof

enti

ties to be processed on a simulation run. This

number of entities is referred to as a termination

count or TC value. When multiple terminate nodes

are employed, the first termination count reached

ends the simulation run. Assign node used as a

method to assign va

lues to entity attributes as they

passthroughthenode.Alsoitcanbeusedtoassign

valuestosystemvariablesateacharrivalofanentity

to the node. VAR defines global or entity variable. 

Thetype of Value(expression) must agreewith the

variable being assigned.  A ma

ximum of M

emanatingactivitiesareinitiated.Theresourceblock

identifiesaresourcenameorlabel,RNUM;resource

number, RLBL; the initial resource capacity, CAP;

number of units of the resource initially available,

IFL; file to poll for entities waiting for a resource.

Await node used to store entities waiting for UR 

unitsofresourcetobeav

ailableorgatetoopen(use

resource or gate  label names). Arriving entities are

placedinfileIFL.QCspecifiesthequeuingcapacity

of the node.Rule specifies the resource allocation

rule. M specifies the maximum branches leaving

entitiescantake.Freenodeusedtoreleaseresources

previously allocat

ed at an AWAIT node when an

entityarrivesatthenode.Everyentityarrivingata

FREE node releases UF units of RES resource. A

maximumofMemanatingactivitiescanbeinitiated

from the node. The alter node is used to change to

capacityofresourcetypeRESbyCCunits.CCcanbe

constant or an expression. If CC is positive, the

number of av

ailable units is increased. If CC is

negative, the capacity is decreased (Pritsker and

OʹReilly,1999;Pritskeretal.,1989).

3.2 TechnicalSpecificationsofBOTAŞTerminal

BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminal,thet

erminationof

Iraq–TurkeyCrudeOilPipeline,locatedwithinthe

district borders of Ceyhan at 36°51,9’N 35°56,7’E is

discussed in the present study. BOTAŞ Terminal is

ownedandoperated by BOTAŞ. It is in the BOTAŞ

Ceyhan Port Authority management area. The first

loadingoperationofthistermi

nalwasperformedin

1977. It consists of 4 quays. The loading arms in

loading‐unloading facilities are hydraulic system

operated via the crane tower located on the quay.

Quay1andquay2aresuitableforberthingvessels

with 100.000‐300.000 deadweight tons and quay 3

and quay are suit

able for berthing vessels with

30.000‐150.000deadweighttons(Figure1).

Figure1. BOTAŞ Ceyhan Marine Terminal quay

dimensions

Table1.SymbolsfrequentlyusedinAWESIM

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

SymbolNodeNames  Description

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Create Createsentities

Activity Specifiesdelay(operation)timeandentityrouting

Queue Holdsentitiesuntilaserverbecomesavailable

Terminate Terminatestheroutingofentities

Assign Assignsvaluestoattributesorglobalsystemvariables

ResourceResourcedefinitionandinitialcapacity

Await Holdsentitiesuntilaresourceisavailableoragateisopen

Free Makesresourcesavailableforreallocation

AlterChangesthecapacityofaresource

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

146

Table2.CapacitiesofBOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalloadingarms(BOTAŞ,2005)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Port  Numbers Diameterofthe Loadingrate Maximum  Maximum  Minimum  Maximum

number ofarm  manifoldm3/hours  Draft(meter) LOA(meter) LOA(meter) Dwt.Tons

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

14 20ʺ‐18ʺ‐16ʺ4x500023 355 200 300000

24 20ʺ‐18ʺ‐16ʺ4x500023 355 200 300000

34 16ʺ‐14ʺ‐12ʺ4x250018 300 168 150000

 4416ʺ‐14ʺ‐12ʺ4x250017300168150000

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 AWESIMSIMULATIONAPPLICATIONS

AWESIM simulation network model is used in the

presentstudyforCeyha

nMarineTerminal.Thereare

4quaysinthismodel.Vesselsarriveattheportwith

4differentscenarioswithintervalsof12‐24hour,12‐

36 hour, 24‐36 hour and 24‐48 hour. It is assumed

tha

t same amount of vessels arrive at these four

quays. Waiting times of the vessels at the terminal

are calculated as 24 hours minimum 64 hours

maximumforquays1and2takingintoaccountthe

vessel dimensions, ballast capacities, coast loading

rateanddocumentprocessingpriortoandfollowing

the operation. On the other hand, tankers with

smaller dimensions compared to quays 1 and 2

berthsatquay3andquay4.Therefore,wait

ingtimes

of the vessels at the terminal are calculated as 16

hoursminimum64hoursmaximumforquays3and

4. Tugboat and pilotage service are required for

berthing and unberthing. Tugboat and pilot

age

servicecannot be rendered for other vessel  beforea

vesselberthingorunberthing.Tugboatandpilotage

serviceareconsideredasonehoureachforberthing

and unberthing operations. This port is unable to

offer tugboat and pilotage service on days with

stormyweather(Uğurlu,2006).Itisknowntha

tthere

are 30 days with stormy weather in one year for

CeyhanMarineTerminal(BOTAŞ,2005).

This simulation program is assessed for each

scenario over 8760 hours in total, i.e. 365 days.

Accordingly the number of vessels arriving at the

port,port queue volume,wait

ingtime for berthing,

waiting time for tugboat and pilotage services,

operability of tugboat and pilotage services and

operabilityofberthsareevaluated.

4.1 Scenario1

Scenario1issimulatedas vessel arrivingatBOTAŞ

CeyhanMarineTerminalin12to24hours(Figure2).

According to simulation outputs, it is observed

tha

t486vesselsarrivedintotalbeing118atquay1,

114atquay2,140atquay3and114atquay4.Any

vessel arriving at the berthing is able to commence

berthingafteranaveragewaitingtimeof12minutes.

Itisseentha

t1queueisformedforfourquays.The

quaysoperate at2,449 efficiency on the In terms of

tugboat service, any vessel arriving at the terminal

receives the tugboat service after an scale of 4; in

otherwordswith61%efficiency.

Averagewaitingtimeof13minutesandthereisa

queue of 2 vessels for such tugboa

t service. The

activityofthetugboatsis11%intotal(Table3).

Figure2. BOTA Ş Ceyhan Marine Terminal Scenario 1

simulationflowchart(12‐24hours)

4.2 Scenario2

Scenario2issimulatedas vessel arrivingatBOTAŞ

CeyhanMarineTerminalin12to36hours(Figure3).

According to simulation outputs, it is observed

that372vesselsarrivedintotalbeing94atquay1,90

atquay2,97atquay3and91atquay4.Anyvessel

arriving at the berth is ab

le to commence berthing

afteranaveragewaitingtimeof11minutes.Itisseen

that 1 queue is formed for four quays. The quays

operateat1,885efficiencyonthescaleof4;inother

words with 47% efficiency. In terms of tugboa

t

service, any vessel arriving at the terminal receives

thetugboatserviceafteran averagewaitingtimeof

10minutesandthereisaqueueof2vesselsforsuch

tugboatservice.Theactivityofthetugboatsis8,5%

intotal(Table4).

147

Figure3. BOTA Ş Ceyhan Marine Terminal Scenario 2

simulationflowchart(12‐36hours)

4.3 Scenario3

Scenario3issimulatedas vessel arrivingatBOTAŞ

CeyhanMarineTerminalin24to34hours(Figure4).

According to simulation outputs, it is observed

that294vesselsarrivedintotalbeing73atquay1,71

atquay2,80atquay3and70atquay4.Anyvessel

arriving at the berth is ab

le to commence berthing

afteranaveragewaitingtimeof8minutes.Itisseen

that 1 queue is formed for four quays. The quays

operateat1,466efficiencyonthescaleof4;inother

words with 36,6 % efficiency. In terms of tugboa

t

service, any vessel arriving at the terminal receives

thetugboatserviceafteran averagewaitingtimeof

13minutesandthereisaqueueof2vesselsforsuch

tugboatservice.Theactivityofthetugboatsis6,7%

intotal(Table5).

Figure4. BOTA Ş Ceyhan Marine Terminal Scenario 3

simulationflowchart(24‐36hours)

4.4 Scenario4

Scenario4issimulatedas vessel arrivingatBOTAŞ

CeyhanMarineTerminalin24to48hours(Figure5).

According to simulation outputs, it is observed

that247vesselsarrivedintotalbeing63atquay1,57

atquay2,69atquay3and58atquay4.Anyvessel

arriving at the berth is ab

le to commence berthing

afteranaveragewaitingtimeof11minutes.Itisseen

that 1 queue is formed for four quays. The quays

operateat1,251efficiencyonthescaleof4;inother

words with 31,2 % efficiency. In terms of tugboa

t

service, any vessel arriving at the terminal receives

thetugboatserviceafteranaveragewaitingtimeof9

minutes and there is a  queue of 1 vessel for such

tugboatservice.Theactivityofthetugboatsis5,7%

intotal(Table6).

148

Figure5.BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalScenario4simulationflowchart(24‐48hours)

Table3.BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalScenario1simulationoutputs(12‐24hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

StatisticsforVesselsBasedonObservation

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay  MeanValue StandardDeviation NumberofObservations MinimumValue MaximumValue

Number (hours)(hours)(pcs)(hours)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay1 47,35011,031 118 28,282 69,093

Quay2 44,98211,798 114 26,350 68,383

Quay3 41,37212,737 140 20,648 66,776

Quay4 43,57113,61011418,08766,974

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

FileStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

File  Label/Type  AverageLength  StandardDeviationMaximumQueue AverageWaitingTime

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 0,010 0,101 1 0,186

2Tugboat0,0120,11220,217

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resource ResourceLabel AverageUtilization StandardDeviationCurrentUtilizationMaximumUtilization

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 2,449 0,758 2 4

2Tugboat0,1110,31401

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceNumber CurrentAvailable AverageAvailable MinimumAvailable  MaximumAvailable

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 4 1,551 0 4

210,809‐11

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table4.BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalScenario2simulationoutputs(12‐36hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

StatisticsforVesselsBasedonObservation

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay  MeanValue StandardDeviation NumberofObservations MinimumValue MaximumValue

Number (hours)(hours)(pcs)(hours)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay1 44,78711,496 94 26,158 66,861

Quay2 47,56810,088 90 28,282 65,613

Quay3 43,68913,801 97 19,291 65,983

Quay4 42,12113,8459119,35865,808

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

FileStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

File  Label/Type  AverageLength  StandardDeviationMaximumQueue AverageWaitingTime

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 0,008 0,089 1 0,187

2Tugboat0,0070,08520,159

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resource ResourceLabel AverageUtilization StandardDeviationCurrentUtilizationMaximumUtilization

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 1,885 0,709 2 4

2Tugboat0,0850,27901

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceNumber CurrentAvailable AverageAvailable MinimumAvailable  MaximumAvailable

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 4 2,115 0 4

210,840‐11

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

149

Table5.BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalScenario3simulationoutputs(24‐36hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

StatisticsforVesselsBasedonObservation

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay  MeanValue StandardDeviation NumberofObservations MinimumValue MaximumValue

Number (hours)(hours)(pcs)(hours)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay1 45,73811,627 73 26,072 65,840

Quay2 46,35211,873 71 26,197 67,786

Quay3 41,89313,231 80 20,744 65,858

Quay4 41,33112,6887020,09466,040

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

FileStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

File  Label/Type  AverageLength  StandardDeviationMaximumQueue AverageWaitingTime

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 0,005 0,068 1 0,136

2Tugboat0,0070,08920,223

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resource ResourceLabel AverageUtilization StandardDeviationCurrentUtilizationMaximumUtilization

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 1,466 0,573 1 3

2Tugboat0,0670,25001

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceNumber CurrentAvailable AverageAvailable MinimumAvailable  MaximumAvailable

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 4 2,534 1 4

210,852‐11

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table6.BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalScenario4simulationoutputs(24‐48hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

StatisticsforVesselsBasedonObservation

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay  MeanValue StandardDeviation NumberofObservations MinimumValue MaximumValue

Number (hours)(hours)(pcs)(hours)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quay1 45,49011,029 63 27,888 68,800

Quay2 46,16110,818 57 29,986 67,528

Quay3 44,07913,514 69 18,614 65,948

Quay4 41,70713,7105818,08766,680

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

FileStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

File  Label/Type  AverageLength  StandardDeviationMaximumQueue AverageWaitingTime

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(hours)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 0,005 0,071 1 0,180

2Tugboat0,0040,06610,155

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceStatistics

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resource ResourceLabel AverageUtilization StandardDeviationCurrentUtilizationMaximumUtilization

Number(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)(pcs)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1Quay 1,251 0,580 2 3

2Tugboat0,0570,23101

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ResourceNumber CurrentAvailable AverageAvailable MinimumAvailable  MaximumAvailable

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 4 2,749 1 4

210,867‐11

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 DISCUSSIONANDRESULTS

BOTAŞ Ceyhan Marine Terminal is investigated

under 2 conditions since the tonnage of the vessels

berthing at quays1‐2 differ from the tonnage of the

vesselsberthingatquays3‐4.Therearefourdifferent

vessel arriving values each being 232, 184, 144, 120

vesselsatquays1and3and254,188,150,127vessels

at quays 3 and 4 according to four invest

igated

scenarios and based on the arrival frequency of the

vessels. It is observed that maximum 232 and

minimum120vesselswillarriveatquays1and2and

maximum254andminimum127vesselswillarriveat

quays 3 and 4. When the four scenarios are

invest

igatedintermsofqueuevolumeoccurringdue

tosetbacksatmooringsandtugboat‐pilotage service

takingintoaccountthevaluesofScenario1,Scenario

2,Scenario3andScenario4,itisseenthataqueueof

1vesselforallfoursituations isformed.Accordingly,

itcanbesaidtha

tthereshallbeaqueueattheportin

everycase.Thequeuevolumetobeformedshallbe1

maximum based on the arrival frequency of the

vessels. The fact that vessels arriving at the port

encountering wait

ing times such as 12 minutes, 11

minutes, 8 minutes, 11 minutes based on the 4

scenarios for berthing is in question. It is observed

thattheoperabilityoftheportva ries61%to31%.The

waiting times occurring in the port due to tugboat‐

pilotageservicesetbacksarerespectively13minutes,

10minutes, 13 minutes  and10minutes.Anyvessel

arriving at the port will be required to wait for 13

minutes ma

ximum and 8 minutes minimum. The

tugboatactivityvaries11%to5%.

Itisseenthatamaximumqueueof1willformfor

BOTAŞ Ceyha

n Marine Terminal regardless of the

vessel arrival frequency in four scenarios and the

queuevolumeisnotalongvalue.Itisseenthatthe

150

vesselsarrivingwaitforashortperiodoftimesuchas

12 minutes maximum for receiving berthing service.

Furthermore, it can be said that tugboat‐pilotage

serviceshallnotbedisruptedforalongperiodoftime

andaccordinglytheexistingtugboatsshallbeableto

rendertheterminalservice.



It is observed that maximum 486 vessels and

minimum247vessels shall arrive  atBOTAŞ Ceyhan

MarineTerminalintotal.Scenario4valuesshowthe

minimum number of vessels that shall berth at

BOTAŞ Ceyhan Marine Terminal within 1 year.

AccordingtoScenario4120vesselsberthatquays1

and2intotaland127vesselsberthatquays3and4 in

total.Quays1and2exportminimum12.000.000ton

and maximum 36.000.000 ton of crude oil in 1 year.

AccordingtoScenario4,minimum3.810.000tonand

maximum19.050.000tonofcrudeoilisexportedfrom

quays

3and4exportin1year.AccordingtoScenario

4 value, it is possible to export minimum 15.810.000

ton and maximum 55.050.000 ton crude petrol from

BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalin1year.

Scenario 1 is the maximum number of vessels

arrivingatBOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalin1

year.

TakingintoaccountthefactthataccordingtoScenario

1,232vesselsarriveatquays1and2in1yearintotal,

it can be said that it is possible to export minimum

23.200.000tonandmaximum69.600.000tonofcrude

oilfromtheterminal.Takingintoaccountthe

factthat

accordingtoScenario1,254vesselsarriveatquays3 

and4in1yearintotal,itcanbesaidthatminimum

7.620.000 ton and maximum 37.100.000 ton of crude

oilshallbeexported.AccordingtoScenario1values,

takingintoaccountthefourquayaltogether, it

shall

be possible to export minimum 30.800.000 ton and

maximum106.700.000tonofcrudeoilin1year.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Iraq‐Turkey crude oil pipeline is in operation for 36

years. It consists of two pipelines. . According to

BOTAŞ(2008)data,BOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminal

has a handling capacity of

 70.000.000 ton provided

thatitisoperatedundernormalconditions.Themost

significant obstacle of this line is war and political

uncertainties. There were setbacks on Iraq‐Turkey

pipeline from time to time due to political

uncertainties.According to result of AWESIM

simulation modeling, it is possible to export

minimum

15.810.000 ton and maximum 106.700.000

tonofcrudeoilviaIraq‐Turkeycrudeoilpipeline.It

is seen in the four investigated scenarios that there

shallnotbeanyintensecongestionatBOTAŞCeyhan

Portintermsofberthsandtugboat‐pilotageservices

andBOTAŞCeyhanMarineTerminalshallmeetthis



transportation capacity provided that there is no

arrestordecelerationinthepipeline.Inthisregard,

themostsignificantsteptotakeforIraq‐Turkeycrude

oilpipelineistoeliminatethenegativeaspectsonthe

pipelinesuchaspoliticaluncertainties.Ifthepolitical

uncertaintiesareremovedonthepipeline

Therewill

beasubstantialincreaseinexportedcrudeoilvolume

inİskenderun Gulf with BOTAŞ Ceyhan Marine

TerminalandtheshiptrafficinİskenderunGulfshall

increasesubstantially.

In this study it is seen that AWESIM simulation

model can be effectively used for determining port

handlingcapacity,efficiencyanalysisand

queuesize.

Therefore AWESIM simulation model can be used

easily for optimizing of port operation in container,

bulkandliquidcargoterminals.

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