557
1 INTRODUCTION
The 10th Jubilee International Conference TransNav
2013 on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea
TransportationisindeedachallengetoMAAPandits
co‐TransNav members to keep up with fast‐
developing changes and advances in the maritime
andshippingindustry,bothdomesticandglobal for
safety of
life at sea in the Asia Pacific region and
beyond.
Maritime Education and Training Institutions
(METIs)havetocontinuallyevolveintomorerelevant
institutions to better address the dynamic global
challenges in the maritime industry. METIs need to
strengthen itself to meet the present and future
demands and expectations of
its students and the
workplace they are going to serve, and at the same
time be always on top with other maritime
institutions pursuing similar goals. In this day and
age of globalization, the use and development of
information technology, specifically marine
informationtechnologies,isincreasingexponentially.
The maritime industry is
fast adapting to these
changes. This is also in consonance with the
implementation of the STCW 2010 known as 2010
Manila Amendment that requires the use of
technology like ECDIS, as one of the emergent
developments,neededtoenhancetheseafarers’skills
onboardforsafetyoflifeatsea.
Introducing GIS to TransNav
and its Extensive
Maritime Application: An Innovative Tool for
Intelligent Decision Making?
A.M.Baylon&E.M.R.Santos
M
aritimeAcademyofAsiaandthePacific(MAAP),Philippines
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to introduce GIS, its definition, principle, application in any discipline
particularly maritime, its process, data sets and featuresandits benefits to maritime and universities.
Specifically,thepaperintendstoprovideanoverviewofitswideapplications
inmaritimeincludingbutnot
limitedto marine transportation,marine environment,port management and operation, maritime education
andtraining(MET)andmaritimeresearch.GISsimplesttaskisinmappingandvisualization.Butitsmost
importantfunctionisinspatial analysis.Spatialanalysistakesintoaccountthelocation,geometry,topology,
and relationships
of geographic data, which lend itself to intelligent decision making.GIS is not just for
researchersandstudents.GISisespeciallyusefulfordecisionma kerssuchas:managers,administrators,and
directors of large and small projects.Scenarios are “seen” and analyzed even before events happen.To
plannersanddecisionmakers,
thisisveryimportantbecausetheycanassesstheimpactofeventsorscenario
andmaysavealotoftime,effort,andmoneybeforeimplementingtheactualproject.AnadditionalskillonGIS
when learned or thought would certainly result to a technically competent maritime global workforce. The
paperwould
provideideasonpossibleareasforcollaborationsamongTransNavmemberinstitutionsfordata
sharingwhichmaybeprocessedandanalyzedbyaGISspecialist.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 7
Number 4
December 2013
DOI:10.12716/1001.07.04.11
558
Needlesstosay,TransNavmemberinstitutionsas
a major manpower provider and player in the
maritimeandshippingindustryhavetokeepupwith
these advances to produce graduates who are
knowledgeable and updated with the use of latest
marine information technologies. Having such
qualifications,graduates are more suited and
highly
attractivetothemaritimeandshippinglabormarket
globally. These skills encompass the so‐called
geospatial technology (GST) which is especially
valuable to marine officers, having substantial
responsibility of manning people and maintaining
smoothmaritimeoperationssuchas:deckandengine
officers, port planners, administrators, marine
transportationsystemsmanagers,
shipmanagers,and
maritime company personnel. This paper aims to
introduce GIS and its wide applications inmaritime
to provide some ideas on possible areas of
collaborationsamongTransNavmemberinstitutions.
NowwhereGISdoescomesin?HowcanGIShelp
infulfillingtheMISSIONofTransNav?WhatisGIS?
How can TransNav benefit from it? This paper
answers these questions. Based on degree of
applicability, this is a basic (fundamental or pure)
type of research which is driven by the researcher’s
curiosityor interest inscientificquestions. Themain
motivation is to expand man’s knowledge, not to
create or
invent something. Based on approach or
strategy, this is a grounded theory qualitative
researchthatinvestigatesthequalityofrelationships,
activities, situations or materials wherein the
researcher attempts to generate a theory that is
grounded in data systematically gathered and
analyzed.Hencethisstudyutilizedabasicgrounded
theory qualitative research
using the following
methodsofdatacollection:internetsearch,literature
search, documentary and content analysis (74
research references)) with almost one year of
intellectualemailquery(weekends orevenings) toa
GISspecialist(Dr.AlejandroTongcofromOklahoma
State University This is also based on the
understandingoftheresearcher
(GISaspirant)having
trainedonGISforthemonthofMarch2012withGIS
expertDrAlejandroTongcoasmentorduringhisvisit
inthePhilippinesasaninvitedtrainerbyMAAP.
AspartofMAAPextensionservicesprogram,GIS
software were shared and trainings conducted to
different interested groups as
co‐sponsors namely :
PhilippineNavyintheirconferenceroomonMarch6‐
9(N8HeadCaptSeanAnthonyVilla),theProvinceof
Bataan on March 12‐16 in one of the rooms at the
Capitol (Governor and Mayor EnriqueGarcia/ PMO
Engr Ric Yuzon ), the Bataan Peninsula State
University on March 20‐23 (President Dr. Delfin
Magpantay)andtheMaritimeAcademy ofAsiaand
the Pacific on March 26‐29 ( President VAdm
Eduardo Ma R Santos, AFP (Ret)). The researcher
(DRES Director) also facilitated the GIS training of
MAAP interested students (MRESC and PAEPI
members)onthreeSaturdays
(March12,17and24)at
MAAP computer room. To date, the 2013 TransNav
Conference on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea
Transportationisindeedachallengetoall.
2 DISCUSSIONS
2.1 GISDefinition
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (4) is a
computerized analytical tool that processes
geographicdataandproduces
informationthathelps
inmakingintelligentdecisions.Thesearevaluableto
planners, administrators, educators, researchers,
environmentalists, social scientists, institutional
researchers,students,analysts,strategists,andpolicy
makers.
2.2 GIS,aConvergenceofSeveralDisciplines
GISisanewparadigm,anewwayofthinking.Since
itsinceptionabout40yearsago,thefieldofGIShas
distinctlyevolvedfromablendofseveraldisciplines,
mainly:Geography, Cartography, Geodesy, Mathematics,
Statistics, Computer Science, Remote Sensing, Global
NavigationSatellite
System(GNSS),SpatialAnalysis,and
Graphics & Design, that are used in varying degrees to
solve specific problems. GIS analysts must be generalists
and must have high level of familiarity of several of these
disciplinesincludinghis/herownprofessionalbackground
2.3 GISApplicationsbyDiscipline
Whatever field of specialization or disciplines, GIS
can be applied to it. Some of the headingsand sub‐
headings below (particularly those underlined) in
relationto AMFUFConference may beapplicableto
Maritime.
Agriculture(AgriculturalEconomics,Agricultural
Engineering, Agronomy, Farm and Ranch
Management, Pest Management
and Veterinary
Science); Architecture (City, Community, and
Regional Planning, Landscape Architecture, Urban
and Environmental Design); Business ( Banking and
Financial Service Business Administration, Decision
Support Systems, Economic and Management
Research, Asset and Facilities Management,
Marketing ,Media and Press, Operations Research,
559
Real Estate Management and Retail); Defense,
Security,andIntelligence(DefenseandForceHealth
Protection, Enterprise GIS, Geospatial Intelligence
(GEOINT), Installations and Environment, Military
Operations); Education (Campus / Multi‐campus
Management, Continuing and Distance Education,
Educational Management and Administration,
Elementary and High School, Institutional Research,
Extension Planning, Vocational and Technical
Education, Alumni Management, GIS Science &
Technology Curriculum Development, Research,
Theses, & Dissertations); Engineering (Aerospace
Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and
Sanitary Engineering, Computer Engineering,
Electrical Engineering ,Environmental Engineering,
Geomantic / Geodetic Engineering / Surveying,
Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering,
Mining Engineering); Government (National,
Regional, Provincial, Local, Economic Development,
Elections,LandAdministration,
PublicWorks,Urban
and Regional Planning ); Law ( Real Estate,
Jurisdictional Law); Libraries & Museums
(Government Documents, Map and Imagery
Collections);Mapping and Charting (Aeronautical,
Cartographic Publishing, Nautical, Spatial Data
Infrastructure);Natural Resource Management
(Conservation. Environmental Management,
Fisheries,Forestry,Parks andRecreation, Petroleum,
RangeManagement.WildlifeManagementandWater
Resources Management); Natural
Sciences
(Biostatistics, Botany, Conservation Biology,
Entomology, Marine Biology, Zoology, Ecology,
Environmental Science, Oceanography and Coastal
StudiesandSoilScience);PhysicalSciences(Applied
Physics,ClimateChange,ComputerScience,Geology,
Geosciences, Earth Science, Geographic Information
Sciences, Geochemistry, Hydrology, Paleontology,
Quaternary Research, Seismology Research,
Meteorology and Climatology); Public Health and
Medicine (Environmental Health,
Epidemiology,
HospitalsandHealthSystems,ManagedCare,Public
Health); Public Safety (Computer‐Aided Dispatch,
Criminal Justice, Criminology, Emergency/Disaster
Management,HomelandSecurity,LawEnforcement,
FireandRescue,EmergencyMedicalServices);Social
Sciences(AreaandEthnicStudies,Anthropologyand
Archaeology, Communications and Journalism,
Economics, Geography, Historic Preservation
,International Studies, Political Science, Public
Administration,
Psychology, Sociology, Demography
; Travel and Tourism); Transportation (Aviation,
Highways, Logistics ,Railways, Ports and Maritime
and Public Transit); Utilities and Communications
(Electric, Gas ,Location‐Based Services ,Pipeline
.Telecommunications,Water/Wastewater)(5)
These are only partial list. Almost all disciplines
can benefit from GIS. GIS has almost unlimited
applications in many disciplines. As
Roger
Dangermond (founder of the ESRI, the maker of
ArcGIS)hassaid,“TheapplicabilityofGISislimited
onlybytheimaginationofthosewhouseit.”
2.4 GISApplicationsinMaritime
As GIS is applicable to any disciplines. Geospatial
Technology (GST or GIS) has become pervasive
nowadays in a wide
variety of applications and
industries, ranging from agriculture to local
governanceto utilities (Cimons, 2011). The maritime
industry has increasingly applied geospatial
technologies such as GNSS, remote sensing (RS),
hydrographic surveying and coastal mapping, ports
planning and management, and charting, as well as
development of a marine spatial data infrastructure
(MSDI).
The GIS in marine transportation are certainly
usefulinvariedareasnamely:routingofvesselsand
thetypeofvessel;knowingthepositionsofvesselsin
realtime;mappingandanalyzingincidence;selecting
new sites and analyzing marine aidssuch as buoys,
signal lights, and other man‐made coastal and
offshore structures; hydrographic and bathymetric
mapping of harbors, approaches, and channels;
delineating shipping channels, maritime zones, and
marine protected areas; producing, managing and
upgrading IMO‐compliant navigation charts;
designing and analyzing transportation networks;
and monitoring and analyzing climate patterns and
ocean currents. Maritime mapping can also best be
accomplished by
GIS software. To address the
challenges in maritime mapping and charting, the
United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) has
proposedcompetenciesinseveralspatialrelatedskills
such as cartography, geodesy, GPS, International
Maritime Organization (IMO)‐compliant electronic
navigational chart (ENC) and digital nautical chart
(DNC) production based on new International
Hydrographic Office
(IHO) S‐100 and S‐101
standards, spatial database management system
(SDBMS),GISsoftwaresuchasArcGISandSevenCs,
and electronic chart display and information system
(ECDIS)(UKHydrographicOffice,2007).
GIS in management and operations of ports
namely: design of ports infrastructure; future
expansions; environmentally compliant storm water
systems;
portassetandfacilitymanagement;security
planning and operations; berthing assignments and
vessel tracking and routing; cargo multimodal
operations; disaster response planning; and
delineating restricted areas and danger zones. A
sampleapplicationofGSTinportsmanagementand
cargo handling is a revolutionary, cost‐saving
technologythatusesroboticballooncranes,
currently
being developed by Jeremy Wiley of Tethered Air
(Hsu, 2012; Katdare, 2012). HarvardUniversity has
manifestedinterestinthiscabledroboticsindustryas
awholefortheirvisiontobuildacenterofexcellence
for the industry. At present,said type of robotis
currently being builtin cooperation
with students
from Georgi a Institute of Technology.With balloon
cranes,anyseaportorcoastalareacanbeusedtoload
andunload ship containersand heavycargo, in lieu
ofconventionalcranesthatareseeninseaports.
GIS techniques can be used to help design and
implementasustainablemarineenvironment
through
the following: mitigating oil spills; restoration of
wetlands; coastal zone management that includes
coral reefs and mangroves restoration and estuary
maintenance;andassessingenvironmentalimpactsof
man‐made coastal structures and coastal activities
such as dredging. Some examples of software tools
used in maritime GIS are ESRI suite of
software,
CARIS,andSevenCs.
560
GIS techniques can be integrated in the MET
curriculum.Forexample,theenclosureofGIStopics
can enrich the curricular content of several courses.
Existing courses may include: information and
communication technology (ICT); ships and ship
routines; meteorology and oceanography; world
geography; maritime pollution and prevention; and
merchant ships search
and rescue. In establishing
curriculum guidelines on GIS, the following URLs
from the internal pages of the company IPTC or
Integrated Power Technology Corporation founded
byEngr. AndrewGizara, would be good references:
1. Geographical Information System Development (
http://www.intpowertechcorp.com/ gis.html); 2.
Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition
Development
(http://www.intpowertechcorp.com/scada.html
) 3.
Velocity Performance Prediction Development
(http://www.intpowertechcorp.com/vpp.html);and4.
Unmanned Marine Vehicles Development
(http://www.intpowertechcorp.com/umv.html). The
integration of GIS in maritime curricular programs
hasalreadystarted.Forexample,amaritimegraduate
program called Master of Science in International
MaritimeStudies‐MarineSpatialPlanningisoffered
by Southampton Solent University
(www.shippingedu.com). The
Faculty of Navigation
of the Gdynia Maritime Universityand the Nautical
InstituterecognizestheimportanceofGeomaticsand
GISinmaritime applications,asshown inthe listof
the 87 Transnav conference main research topics or
subjects (http://transnav2013.am.gdynia.pl/
Symposium/conference‐main‐topics.html ) for 10th
International Navigational Conference on Maritime
Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation they
organizedon19‐21June2013.Theconferencegathers
globalscientistsandprofessionalstomeetandshare
theirrespectiveexpertise,knowledge,experienceand
researchresults, concerningall aspectsof navigation
and sea transportation. GIS techniques can be
integrated in the MET curriculum. For example, the
enclosure of GIS topics can enrich the curricular
content of several courses. Existing courses may
include: information and communication technology
(ICT); ships and ship routines; meteorology and
oceanography; world geography; maritime pollution
and prevention; and merchant ships search and
rescue.
Areasformaritimeresearch,theGISarevast.This
is
whereanyMETschoolscanempowerandprepare
itself and its students for new emerging GIS
developments for the maritime industry. This
requires an innovative interested GIS‐skilled faculty
and a supportive MET management. On the other
hand, MET graduates students can enhance the
research environment of their schools through
discipline
‐basedthesisaspartoftheirstudyprogram.
There is dire need for maritime research in the
Philippines that is focused on technical disciplines,
i.e., science, technology, engineering, mathematics,
anddesign(STEMD).GIS‐basedmaritimeresearches
can contribute to these disciplines. Having the most
numberofmaritimeschools(95)and
graduatesinthe
country,itis expected thatthePhilippineswouldbe
abletoproduceaproportionatenumber of maritime
technicalresearchoutputsininternationalforums.An
equally important GIS initiative that a maritime
school can create for a better impact in maritime
research for the maritime industry is the
establishment
of a maritime spatial data
infrastructure (MSDI) or similarly an integrated
shippingspatialinformationsystem(ISSIS).AnMSDI
or ISSIS is a framework ofgeospatial data,software
tools,and metadatafor users to use the information
efficiently. It is GIS in itself, which involves the
collection, processing, management, storage,
distribution,
anddisplayofgeospatialinformationfor
the maritime industry, maritime researchers, and
MET schools. An MSDI of ISSIS can assist for the
planning, implementation, and assessment of
spatially related content of maritime studies. The
comprehensive database may include spatial
information about port facilities, maritime security,
marine hazards and incidents, MET students
and
alumni, greenhouse gas emissions, and
environmentalandmeteorologicaldata.Examplesof
web‐based MSDI or ISSIS are the Narragansett Bay
data portal, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) marine web GIS, and
MarineCadastre.gov. GIS‐skilled maritime graduates
areofferedwideremploymentopportunities,notjust
sea‐based, but in
land‐based jobs as well. They may
venture into jobs such as development and
production of ENCs based on IHO S‐100 and S‐101
standards (MarineCadastre.gov; International
Hydrographic Office (IHO) and Hydrographic and
OceanographicServiceoftheChileanNavy(SHOA),
2009); design, development, installation, operation,
and training of ECDIS hardware
and software;
development of marine spatial data; establishment
andmaintenanceofMSDIandISIS;marineresearch,
e.g. marine surveying, bathymetry, marine geology,
and coastal projects; employment in shipping and
maritime companiesand agencies; and teaching and
researchinMETschools.
GST issues related to the maritime industry are
being shared
through conferences, such as the one
organizedbyGeoMaritime(GeoMaritime,2012)and
by Transnav (http://transnav.eu ) with published
refereed papers on International Journal on Marine
NavigationandSafetyofSeaTransportation.Someof
these GIS‐based papers demonstrate the benefits of
integrateduseofsatellite&GIStechnologieson
ships
tovariousoptionsofusingotherelectronicnavigation
systems (Boykov 2012); the GNSS for an Aviation
Analysis based on EUPOS and GNSS/EGNOS
CollocatedStationsinPWSZCHELM(Fellner,et.al.,
2008); the digital chart application in the field of
maritime traffic with the purpose of resolving
“Information Isolation” thru
development of Web
chartsystemsusingrasterdatainsteadofvectorchart
based,whichisaccessedwithhigherspeedthanmost
vector chart based web rendering system in wide
bandwidthnetworkwithleasterrorsformanykinds
ofapplication(Huetal,2007).Ontheotherhand,the
paperofProf.
Weintritcomprehensivelyexplainsthe
problems connected with the utilization of GIS
technology and more sensitively speaking, its
waterborne implementation, i.e. ECDIS(Electronic
Chart Display and Information System) technology
and the electronic navigational charts (ENC) in the
widely comprehended maritime (open sea, coastal
and harbor), inland navigation and sea‐river
navigation areas.
(Weintrit 2010). In referenceto the
2007‐2012 TransNav scientific papers specificallythe
54 refereed papers, it can be surmised that the
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maritimeindustryemploysGIStechnologiesinareas
such as: 1.) GPS and GPS‐enabled communication
systems (Januszewski 2007; Vejrazka, et al, 2007;
Bosy, et al, 2007; Lemanczyk & Demkowicz, 2007;
Aguila, et. al., 2008; Bober, et. al., 2008;
Grzegorzewski, et. al., 2008; Fellner et al, 2008;
Dziewicki,2009;Yooet
al,2009;Kujawa,et.al.,2009;
Im & Seo, 2010; Vejrazka, et. al., 2010; Janota &
Koncelík, 2010; Bober, et. al., 2010; Fukuda &
Hayashi, 2010; Fellner, et. al., 2010; Ilcev.2011;
Januszewski,2011;Arai,et.al.,2011;andAmbroziak,
et. al., 2011); 2.) ECDIS (Rudolph, 2007; Hu, et. al.,
2007);
3.) Automatic Identification System (AIS)
(Aarsather&Moan,2007;Yousefi,2007;Weizhang,et.
al., 2007; Naus et. al., 2007; Harati‐Mokhtari, et. al.,
2007; Drozd et. al., 2007; Banachowicz & Wolejsza
2008;Plata&Wawruch2009:Huetal2010;Wolejsza,
2010;Aarsather & Moan, 2010; Bukaty & Morozova,
2010;Park
&Kim,2011;Miyusovetal2011;Stupak&
Zurkiewicz,2011;NiNiHlaingYin,et.al.,2011;Krol,
et. al. 2011; Yang et. al., 2012 Xia ng et. al., 2012;
Kwiatkowskietal,2012;Mazaheriet.al.,2012;Gucma
&Marcjan,2012;Goerlandt,et.al.,2012;andKrata,et.
al.,2012)
and4.)Remotesensingimagery(Stateczny
& Kazimierski 2009). It is first time that maritime
schoolslikeMAAPthathasthoughtandinitiatedthe
probable use of GIS as an innovative tool for MET,
research and campus management enhancement
(BaylonandSantos,2013)
2.5 TheGISProcess
Geographicdataaredata
aboutpeople,places,things,
andeventsonearththathavegeographiccoordinates
or are geographically referenced. Because of the
data’s unique feature, spatial relationships and
patterns can be visualized and analyzed to produce
information that are useful to researchers and
managers. The GIS process is made up of several
components
calledinputs(spatialandnon‐spatialdata,
GISsoftware,Computerhardware,manpowerandmethods
andprocesses).Thesedataareprocessed(collected,recorded
andmanipulated/,stored,managedandretrieved, analyzed
and modeled, displayed). The System produces useful
information (which may be recycled) to produce
specificallydesiredinformation.
2.6 DataInputtoGIS
TheGISsystemneedsdatatobeprocessedintouseful
information. Examples of input data are the
following: digital maps, GPS readings, remotely‐
sensed imagery, tabular data, field survey data,
digitalproducts,textsetc
WhenusingtheGISsoftware,severaldatasetscan
be overlaid on
a computer screen to simulate and
view a scenario. If all data layers have uniform
geographic reference they will lay on top of each
otherlikeadeckofcards.Onacomputerscreenthey
mayappearlikearenditionoftherealworld.Alayer
canbeturnedonand
off,zoomedinorout,clippedto
desired size, further attributed, labeled, and applied
with desired symbology, among many other
processes.
Terms that describe GIS have been repeatedly
cited for emphasis and not for redundancy. This is
done purposely to embed the concept of GIS in
people’s consciousness. GIS is a new paradigm – a
newwayofthinking.
Tosome,ifnottoomanyofviews,GISmayhavea
steep learning curve as illustrated by various data
layers (land cover, structure, boundaries,
hydrography, geographic names, transportation,
elevationandorthoimagery.TheGISprojectobjective
dictatesthecombinationofdatasetstocollect
Remotely‐sensed
Imagery
Digital
Maps
Text
Data Input
to GIS
GIS Database
Tabular Data
GPS
Readings
Field
Survey
Data
Digital
Products
2.7 GISDatasets
GIS datasets to be chosen are dependent on the
project to be accomplished. Shown are typical GIS
562
datasets to be used. There could many others,
depending on the project goals. For example, if the
project is about Erosion Hazard Analysis, datasets
may include, but not limited to: precipitation data
(e.g.,intheformofcontours),landtopography,land
use, population concentration, etc. If the project is
about
Urban Planning, data sets needed maybe
political boundaries, cultural sites (e.g. cemeteries,
church,etc),landuse,andpopulationconcentration.
GIS is a powerful spatial analytical tool that
recognizes and leverages the unique location of
people, things, placeson Earth – what they are and
whatareinthem,wheretheyare,andhowtheyrelate
withtheirneighbors–withinadefinedgeographical
entity.Thesefactorsrequirebuildinga
databasewith
similarly referenced data layers. Overlaying of data
layers enables users to visualize relationships,
interactions, connections, patterns, and trends. The
datasets are the foundation to scientific spatial
analysisthatgivesinformedinterpretationofresearch
or project results and thus minimizing guesses in
decision making. Location is the key word in
GIS.
Without“Location”component,GISisofnouse.
2.8 GISFeatures
Basically,GISconsistsofoneormorelayersofdata.
Each layer of data is in the form of lines, points or
polygonscalledVECTORorimagerycalledRASTER.
Eachlayerisaccountedwithanattributedatatable.A
layer has uniform geographic coordinate system
(example: latitude
and longitude). An overlay of
layerscanrevealpatternsoftrendsusefulforspatial
analysis.
Features
of
a
GIS:
A
Brief
Summary
• Consists
of
one
or
more
layers
of
data
• Each
layer
is
in
the
form
of
lines,
points,
or
polygons
(called
VECTOR),
or
imagery
(called
RASTER)
• Each
layer
is
associated
with
an
a ribute
data
table
• Layers
have
a
uniform
geographic
coordinate
system
(i.e.,
la tude
and
longitude)
• An
overlay
of
layers
can
reveal
pa erns
and
trends
useful
for
spa al
analysis
• Other
Names
of
GIS:
– Geographic
Data
Visualiza on
Tool
– Data
Mapping
– Visual
Communica on
Tool
– Computer
Mapping
and
Spa al
Analysis
Tool
Depending on the specific information a user
needs, the GIS specialist can mix and manipulate
different data layers to produce the combination to
produce the desired analysis, information, and
display.Eachdatalayerislinkedtoacorresponding
tableofattributesthatquantitativelyandqualitatively
describes the nature of that
data layer.GIS other
names are: Data Mapping, Geographic Data
Visualization Tool, Visual Communication Tool and
ComputerMapping/SpatialAnalysis.
Having common characteristics, almost all
problems have a location component. Problems
involve people, location of people, things in those
locations,eventsandphenomenainthatlocation,and
relationshipsofthesecomponents.Thesecomponents
and their relationships lend well to scientific GIS
analysis and thus intelligent decisions. Hence, a
challengeforTransNav
Itssimplest taskis inmapping and visualization.
Butitsmostimportantfunctionisinspatialanalysis.
Spatial analysis takes into account the location,
geometry, topology, and relationships of geographic
data,which
lenditselftointelligentdecisionmaking.
GIS is not just for researchers and students. GIS is
especially useful for decision makers such as
managers,administrators, anddirectorsof largeand
small projects. Scenarios are “seen” and analyzed
evenbeforeeventshappen.Toplannersanddecision
makers,thisisveryimportantbecause
theycanassess
theimpactofeventsorscenarioandmaysavealotof
time, effort, and money before implementing the
actualproject.
The accompanying illustration shows an overlay
of various datasets, i.e. river and water bodies,
highways,citystreets,andcityboundary,allontopof
true‐color
satellite imagery. All data layers are
projected to the same coordinate system. Other
figuresshowsimplemapsamples
563
A map created using free GIS software (Map
Windows) and free data : bathymetric data
(www.gebco.net) and administrative boundary data
(www.philgis.org).
MapcreatedusingfreeMapWindowGISsoftware
and elevation and administrative boundary data
(www.philgis.org).
This a close‐up views of the campus of the
MaritimeAcademyofAsiaandthePacificdisplayed
byGoogleEarth.Onecanseethebuildingroofsand
thus the footprints. Fortunately for GIS people, GIS
datasets can be derived by digitizing (i.e., tracing a
point,line,orpolygon) the
buildingfootprints.Todo
this,theGoogleEarthKMLfilecanbeconvertedinto
a GIS shape file, which can be done by most GIS
software. Building footprints can also be scannedor
digitizedfrombuildingplansandthengeoreferenced
(i.e. tagged to real‐world coordinates). Most GIS
software can
do this conversion and georeferencing.
Furthermore, room division lines may be traced for
eachbuildingfootprint.Theresultingattributetable‐
whichinitiallyisempty–canthenbepopulatedwith
data such as number and specs of computers and
other equipment, office furniture and fixtures,
numberofpersonnel,etc.
2.9 Benefits
inusingGISforMaritimeandUniversities
Certainly,theuseofGISinMaritimeandUniversities
would result to: Better Decision Making (Better
decisions about location whether in research or
development work and common examples include
evacuation planning, conservation, natural resource
extraction,schoolfacilitiesmanagement,etc.)Making
the right
decisions about a location is critical to the
success of an organization or project, e.g. in local
governance, management of academic institutions,
etc; Improved Communication (GIS‐basedmaps and
visualizations greatly assist in understanding
situationsandinchronicling).GISresultsareatypeof
medium that improve communication between
different project
teams, departments, offices,
professional fields, and the public.; Better Record
Management (Maintains authoritative records about
thestatusand change ofgeographicevents andalso
Easy query and retrieval of spatial data that are
centrally managed) Geographic records gives
comprehensive transaction support and reporting.
Theyareavaluableaidforfulfilling
governmentand
accreditationrequirements;ManagingGeographically
(Essentialtounderstanding:whatishappening—and
whatwillhappen—inaparticulargeographiclocation
.Probleminunderstandingisnecessarytomakethe
correct prescription for action Managing
geographically is a new approach to management—
takingintoaccounttheinherentgeographicorspatial
nature of things.
The Overall Result: is increased
efficiencyandcostsavings.(6)
2.10 AvailableBaseGISData
To download free data, visit the website
www.philgis.org (7) which is made available
especially to GIS users of the Philippines. The
following data may be used for GIS‐based research
and development activities: Administrative
boundaries:Province,Towns,
andBarangaysfor use
in population and demographic studies, student
distributionstudies,etc;Elevationdata:DEM(digital
elevation model, 30‐m resolution) for use in
delineation of protected areas, road construction
planning, watershed delineation, river volume
forecasting,etc;LandsatETM+with3multi‐spectral
bands(30‐mresolution)and
panchromaticband(1‐m
resolution)foruseinland‐useandland‐coverstudies,
calculation of vegetative coverage, coastal resource
management,etc.Bathymetry:1 ‐kmresolutionforuse
in marine studies, e.g. delineation of marine
sanctuariesandprotectedareasandRainfallforusein
studies on climate change, erosion, flood disaster
mitigation,etc.
The other available sites are:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS or websites :
www.gis.com, www.gislounge.com, and
www.philgis.org may be useful . Google Search is
alsohelpful inlocatingasiteorformorespecificGIS
task.Shortseminarsandintensivehands‐ontraining
in GIS are available by arrangement. Seminar and
training
focus may be tailored to participants’
background, professional interests, or requesting
party’s needs, e.g. GIS applications in specific
disciplines such as maritime , institutional research,
extension services , environment and natural
resources. Seminars and trainings may alsobe done
onsiteifrequested.
564
2.11 IsGIScostly?
Itmaybeyes andno.GISmaynotbecostlytolearn.
ThereareseveralonlineschoolsthatofferGISdegrees
andshortcoursesthatchargeforafee.Butthereare
also online lessons and tutorials that are free.
Commercial GIS software
licenses can be quite
expensivetoacquireandmaintain.Therealsoseveral
free and capable GIS software releases containing
sophisticated functionalities that are present in
commercial models (www.freegis.org and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographic_infor
mation_systems_software)fornumerousselectionsof
freeGISsoftwaretools.
3 CONCLUDINGREMARKS
ItcanbesurmisedthatGISisapowerfulinnovative
toolforanalyzingthedata.Itprovidesanswerstothe
following questions or point of interest like: What’s
happeninginsideacertainlocation?Howtoprepare
forsomethingthatwilloccurwithinacertainradius
ordistance?
Whattoexpectfromnearbyafterfinding
out what’s occurring within a certain radius or
distance? GIS can be a very useful research and
decision‐making tool. GIS helps users to make
scientific and informed decisions in research and
project planning and implementation, thus avoiding
guesses and perhaps costly mistakes.GIS
certainly
enhancesthe analyticaland critical‐thinkingskillsof
individuals (e.g. students or researchers). Through
GIS, learning becomes a journey of discovery,
motivating individuals to explore uncharted
simulatedworlds.
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