461
1 INTRODUCTION
Tourism as an industry, and nautical tourism as an
integral part of it, is an important sector whose
indirect effects are more important than the direct,
thus supporting the development of lots of other
industries. Within the last 30 years, three core
industriesofnauticaltourism(themarina,
charterand
cruise industries) have been continuously showing
highgrowthrates.Inthistimeofcrisis,withitslack
ofinventivenessandinvestment,nauticaltourismand
its sectors become a new opportunity for
development. Its growth can be clearly seenat local
and regional levels and its constituent parts are
becoming potential for local economic leaders. This
research focuseson the marine industry, juston the
marinas and their effects on the development of
localandregionaleconomy.
Given that the dynamics of the development of
marinas,aswellasoftheirfactors,havenotbeenwell
studied until now, the
aim of the paper is a
presentation of basic factors for development of a
marina and its impact on the development of the
economyofdestinations.Thepurposeofthispaperis
explanationofaphenomenonofthedevelopmentof
nautical tourism and indication the potentials for
development, especially in
Europe, with special
reference to a marina. This paper is a kind of
contributiontothedevelopmentofscientificthought
about the industries that require research for new
scientificknowledgeaboutthem.
Methodologically,decadesofresearch,experience
intheeconomicsectorandtheanalysisandsynthesis
of research serve as a
foundation for this work. An
additionalgroundwork fortheconclusions,presented
inthispaper,istheresearchintocurrenttrendsofthe
The Phenomenon of the
Marina Development to
Support the European Model of Economic
Development
J
.Kizielewicz
GdyniaMaritimeUniversity,Gdynia,Poland
T.Luković
UniversityofDubrovnik,Dubrovnik,Croatia
ABSTRACT:Thedevelopmentofmarinasontheseas,rivers,lakesandcanalsofEuropeoccursintwodifferent
forms:(1)asaprivateinvestmentproject,and(2)asanurbanmunicipalinvestment.Bothformsofinvestment
anddevelopmentofmarinassatisfythecriteriaofentrepreneurship,
whichis importantforeachglobaland
Europeaneconomy.Thepurposeofthisresearchisexplanationofthepossibilitiesfordevelopmentofmarinas
andtheirimmediateanddistantdestinationwhichsupportsthedevelopmentofthelocaleconomy.
The scientific and research achievements were applied and, for the purpose of transparency, a
case study
showingseveralmarinasandtheexamplesoftwobasicmodelsofdevelopmentarepresented.
Structurally,this research consistsof twoparts, namely (1)a theoretical part,where adefinition of nautical
tourismanditsclassificationarepresentedand(2)thedevelopmentofspecificindicatorsofmarinasinEurope
areexplored.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 7
Number 3
September 2013
DOI:10.12716/1001.07.03.19
462
marina development and their effects on the
developmentofadestination.
Inthispaper,thebasichypothesisisthatamarina,
whenitappearsinalocality,contributessignificantly
tothe developmentofadestination.Howmuchthis
hypothesisiscorrectandhowitisconfirmedinterms
ofthe
developmentofaphenomenon,thisisataskof
theresearch.
European maxi marine market should be viewed
throughthefiveEuropeanmarkets.Regardlessofthe
specificsofeachofthem,thedevelopmentiscarried
out extensively and as two global development
models.Theanalysisofthesedevelopmentmodelsof
marinas in Europe has not been examined to a
satisfying degree, but exceptional results emphasize
theneedforitsfurtherresearch.Therefore,thesubject
ofthisresearchisaphenomenonofthedevelopment
of marinas in all markets of Europe and two basic
modelsaccordingtowhichthedevelopmentoccurs.
This
paper consists of two main parts. The first
relates to the theoretical research, a definition and
positioning of nautical tourism and marinas in the
European economies and markets. The second part
coversthespecificandpracticalexplanationsandthe
analyses,comparisonsandcasestudies.
2 NAUTICALTOURISMANDITSBASIC
INDUSTRIES
2.1 Definingofnauticaltourism
Nautical tourism, as a phenomenon, is an aspect of
tourismingeneral,fromwhichithasdevelopedasa
subtype. The question of defining nautical tourism
shouldthusbeconsideredinthecontextofageneral
definitionoftourism.Etymologically,nauticaltourism
isacombination
oftwonotions,nauticalandtourism.
This also means that nautical tourism carries two
aspects: (1) tourist aspect, which is the economic
dominant and (2) marine aspect, which refers to
navigation,butnotonlybysea butalsorivers,lakes
andchannels.
Itisnecessarytocreateadefinition
thatsuitsbest
thescientificandpracticalneedsoftheresearchand
workintheindustryofnauticaltourism.
In the literature, marine tourism and nautical
tourism is defined variously. “Each expert form
differentsectorsofeconomy:geographers,expertson
spatial planning and environmental protection,
specialistsinmarketing,marineeconomy
ortourism
industry present other approach.
Each author takes
into account these aspects that are important for
him/her on the field of his/her interest. Differences
can also be detected, as far as understanding of a
phenomenon of tourism in different countries is
concerned. This is due to the fact of a geographical
location and level of the
development of tourism
marketandalsoawarenessthatthecoastallocationof
a country play s in the economic development.”
(Kizielewicz, 2012). For example according to M.
Orams “marine tourism includes those recreational
activities that involve travel away from one’s place of
residenceandwhichhaveastheirhostorfocus
themarine
environment(wherethemarineenvironmentisdefined as
thosewaters aresalineandtideaffected).”[Orams,1999].
InAddition,M.LekakouiE.Tannatosconsiderthat
”maritime tourism refers to a particular form of tourism,
and is the search of a more direct and more permanent
contact of the
tourist with the ocean.” [Lekakou &
Tannatos,2001].Ontheotherhand,MexicoMinistry
of Tourism says that defining the term “nautical
tourism,itisimportanttorealizethatatourismactivityis
not isolated or specific but a conglomerate of many
branches of a particular type of activity
of public
administrations,infrastructureandgeneralcomplementary
services.Nauticaltourismmustthereforebeconsideredasa
tourist product, related with entertainment activities in
contactwithbodiesofwater,wheremanydifferentnautical
activitiescantakeplace,alwayswith anecologicaloutlook
and respect for nature” (Mexico Ministry of Tourism,
www.nauticaltourism.com.au,
2012).
According to the definition of tourism, given by
theW. HunzikerandK.Karpf,itispossibletooffer
thefollowing definition: “Nautical tourism is a sum of
poly‐functional activities and relations that are caused by
the tourists‐boatersʹ stay within or out of the ports of
nauticaltourismand
bytheuseofvesselsorotherobjects
relatedtothenauticalandtouristactivities,forthepurpose
of recreation, sports, entertainment or other
needs”.(Luković & Gržetić, 2007). This definition has
elements of a real, conceptual and nominal definition,
sinceitclarifiestheessenceofthings,determinesthe
content,
and explains the meaning. However, it
shouldbenotedthattourismandnauticaltourismare
derived concepts that represent a range of activities
susceptible to change. That is why we say that
nautical tourism is a multidisciplinary activity that
cannotbeunequivocallyspecified.
In the interests of simplicity and for
a practical
usage of a term, a shorter version of a definition is
suggested: Nautical tourism is a poly‐functional tourist
activitywithastrongmarinecomponent.(Luković,2006).
This simple and practical definition highlights the
maincharacteristicsofnauticaltourismthatplacesit
inthetouristindustry.
2.2
Coreindustriesofnauticaltourism
Consideringtheabovementionedbasic definitionof
nauticaltourism,whichstatesthatnauticaltourismisa
poly‐functional tourist activity with a strong marine
component, itsclassificationshouldbeobserved from
the scientific and practical aspect. Such a form of
analysis and classification is widely used
and all
important studies, such as in Germany (Luković &
Gržetić, 2007)
16
and England (Luković, 2009)
17
, have
applied it. Since this study is linked to such wider
research, the most appropriate classification of
nautical tourism is proposed (see Table 1). This
classification of nautical tourism, which emphasises
its three basic types: (1) marinas, (2)charter and (3)
cruising,isjustifiedbythespecificcharacteristicsand
distinguishing
featuresoftheseindustries.
16
See:BonnInstitutestudy:“GrundlagenuntersuchungWasser‐
tourismusinDeutschland;Ist‐ZustandundEntwicklungsmöglich‐
keit”–dwif/BTE2002.,.
17
See:WelshEnterpriseInstituteUniversityofGlamorganBusiness
School:“AStudyThatAppliestheVoEFrameworktotheMarine
andCoastEnvironmentofWales”,2006,
463
Table1.Classificationofnauticaltourism
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nauticaltourismindustry
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SecondaryMainactivitiesAdditional
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
‐DivingHarboursfor CharterCruising
‐Surfingnauticaltourism
____________________________________________________________________________________
‐Rafting‐Berths‐Motoryachts Cruisers:Cruiserharbours:‐Shipbuildingof
‐Diving‐bells ‐Moorings1.Withskipper a)Largeworld a)Largecruisermega‐yachts
‐Rowing‐Drymarinas2.Bareboatcruisersharbours‐Shipbuildingof
‐Fishing‐Marinas:‐Sailingyachts b)Localcruisers‐Specializedports, smallsailing
vessels
‐Adventurous 2.Category
1.Withskipper (traditional)membersof‐Productionof
“Robinson” 3.Category2.Bareboat‐One‐day„Med‐Cruise“equipmentfor
Tourism 4.Categorycruising‐Non‐specialized nauticaltourism
‐Lighthouse 5.Category‐Several‐days ports‐Skipperservices
tourismcruising b)Portsforlocal ‐Informationservices
‐Etctraditionalcraft:
‐Sailingschools
‐Coastalportsused ‐ Researchinstitutes
bysmallandeducational
settlementscentres
‐Islandports‐Otherservices
____________________________________________________________________________________
SUBJECTOFTHESTUDY
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source:T.Luković
“The classifications and definition of forms of
tourismandleisure,pointouttotheinterdisciplinary
natureoftourism.Plentyofitemsinfluenceuponthe
quality and diversity of tourist activities, resulting
notonlyfromtourists’preferenceswhotravelatsea,
but also depended on the external factors, among
whichwe
shouldmention:geographicalandclimatic
conditions, status of development of the technical
andtouristi nfrastructureandalsopolicyoflocaland
centralauthorities”.(Kizielewicz,2012).
3 MARINAINDUSTRYANDEUROPEAN
MARKETS
3.1 BasicfeaturesoftheMarineIndustryinEurope
With the exception of a small number of highly
developed countries,
such as the Netherlands,
Norway and England, the marine industry has the
highest percentage of three of nautical tourism
industry. The term “marine industry” is broader
conceptthanamarina,butitisthis“ outsidetheMarine
Corpsʹ” segment isstrongly developed inthe Baltic,
aswellas
someothereconomiesinEurope.
Marinasarethemostimportantportsof nautical
tourism and their general features are worth
exploring.Itishardtogivespecificdataonthesize,
types and capacities of marinas in Europe because
there is no professional association or institution
that would collect, process,
research and unify the
dataandencouragethedevelopmentoftheindustry.
Nevertheless, we can estimate that there are about
4,400
18
saltwatermarinasinEurope,ofwhichmore
than 1,600 (ADAC, 2010) are of high quality with
morethan400,000(ADAC,2010)berthsthatmeetthe
highest standards. Taking into account about 600
freshwatermarinas,andthosebelongingtomarkets
forwhichthereisnodata,itis estimated
thatthere
18
www.portbooker.org
are over 5,000 commercial marinas with more than
500,000berthsinEurope.About1,000sportmarinas
and marinas in the Black Sea, still insufficiently
researched,shouldbeaddedtothisissueandthen
we come to around 6,000 European marinas.
Estimatesofthemarinascapitalamountto60billion
euros, taking
everything into account, from the
berthsthemselves
19
tothesupportingfacilities.
3.2 PrimaryEuropeanmarinamarkets
Marinas, in terms of ports to accept yachts, widely
distributedintheEuropeanmarket.Consideringthe
specificityoftheEuropeantourismmarket,amarina
isnecessarytoanalyzethefiveEuropeanmarkets:
1 TheMediterranean(Europeanpart)
2 West Europe/Transatlantic (below
the Arctic
Circle)
3 The Baltic and the countries around the Arctic
Circle
4 ContinentalpartofEurope(freshwaters)
5 BlackSea.
When considering five European markets, it can
be concluded that each market has its specific
features and that the main characteristics of
European nautical markets are conformed to
economic
andnaturalconditionsoftheenvironment.
Nowadays, each sector of industry is depended on
political conditions and it concerns the tourist
industry as well. The tourism development is
stronglydependedontheconditionofdevelopment
oftheotherfieldsofeconomyinthecountry.
Thisisthemostimportantfactor,
firstofall,atthe
seaside, where theconditions of portinfrastructure,
itssurroundingandaccessibilityarethemainfactors
foreconomicdevelopment.(Kizielewicz,2005)
19
Thevalueofanunfinishedinvestmentperberthisabout20,000
euros,butthereareadditionalinvestmentsworthfivetoseven
timesmorethantheberthitself.
464
Table2.QualitymarinasonthefiveEuropeanmarkets(withnotBlackSeamarket)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
MarinasandBerths TheMediterranean WestEurope/Transatlantic TheBalticandthe Continentalpart TOTAL
(Europeanpart) (belowtheArcticCircle) countriesaround ofEurope
EUROPE
theArcticCircle (freshwaters)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
0‐10059102105465731
101‐50023623792101666
501‐1000787552160
1001‐200024201247
2001‐500032‐‐5
>500110‐‐1
Berthtotal171,158153,89633,06044,739402,853
Numberof
marinas 4014362035701,610
Averagenumberof 426.83352.97162.8678.49250.22
berthspermarina
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source:ADAC,„Marinaführer,Deutschland,Europa“,2010
According to the number of marinas, European
continental market, with its river, lake and canal
marinas,istheleadingmarketandcomprise35.4%of
all quality marinas in Europe. According to the
number of berths, the Mediterranean market is the
leading market, with 42.5% of quality berths,
followed by western European
and transatlantic
marinas,with27.1%ofEuropeanqualitymarinasand
38.2% berths. Mediterranean marinas are the largest
insize,withanaverageof426.83berthsperamarina.
The Baltic Sea market is relatively smaller and its
climateisnotsuitableforasignificantdevelopmentof
marinas.Itis,therefore,
moreorientedtowardscruise
industry and to the development of supporting
industries of nautical tourism such as: yacht
construction, production of quality pontoons and
other ancillary equipment industry. The Black Sea
and eastern European markets are still developing
andtheirstatesandeconomiesareintransition.That
is the reason why
that fifth market has not been
surveyedforthepurposeofthesepapers,butwillbe
achallengeforfuturestudies.
As we can see, by this research can be
enlightening/eliminate even one of our prejudice,
because conventional wisdom is that the
Mediterranean is the strongest European market of
nautical
tourism, including the marina. But not!
Relativelysurprisingthat,accordingtothenumberof
quality marina, strongest market is Continental
European market (freshwaters), after which the
marketisWestEurope/Transatlantic(belowtheArctic
Circle) and only then comes the Mediterranean. By
the number of berths Mediterranean Market has the
mostberths
foryachtsanditsmarinesareonaverage
withthehighestnumberofberths.
4 DEVELOPMENTALEFFECTSOFEUROPEAN
MARINAS,TWOBASICMODELS
4.1 Modelsofdevelopmentofthegrowthofnautical
tourismanditsroleintheeconomyofEurope
Ifweanalysethesystemofeconomicdevelopmentsof
the European developed countries, and especially
Germany,itisevidentthatdevelopmentisbasedona
well‐organized local and regional government.
Accordingtothisevolutionarymodelofdevelopment
plans and their implementation raises the local
government because they knows the needs and
possibilities of developing at the local economy and
peopleʹsinterests.
In contrast to this, the European model is
dominated by local governments in the countries in
transition and it is still expected the state to adopt
strategic documents modelled on the last system.
There is one of the fundamental factors of
developmentinefficiencieseconomiesintransition.
“Marine
resourcesareatypeofnaturalcapitalthat
can be invested or used to generate a return to its
owner”[Clark&Munro,1994].“Twomainquestions
arise surrounding a marine resource investment
decision:(1)who owns marineresources? and (2) in
whatwayscanmarineresourcesbeinvested?Forthe
most part, marine resources are common property,
whereby no one stakeholder has exclusive rights to
theresource or itsservices. In theabsence ofclearly
definedpropertyrights,commonpoolproblemsarise
as individuals competitively exploit the resource
beyonditseconomically and biologicallysustainable
yield. As a result, there is
a “rationale for
governments to intervene as an advocate of proper
managementofenvironmental resources.”(Hanley&
Shogren&White,1997).
Thesuggestionsregardingtheprioritiesofnautical
tourism development, submitted by the government
andtheregional authorities,mustbeconsulted with
the representatives of various environments: social,
economic and political.
It is worth to point out that
tourismdevelopmentplanningoftheseasideregions
requirescarefulcooperationandcoordinationofboth
the tourism and marine sectors, and the public and
privatesectors.
(Kizielewicz,2005).
4.2 Twobasicmodelsofdevelopment/theimpactof
Europeanmarinas
The development of nautical tourism in Europe
confirmsandpromotesEuropeandevelopmentmodel
thatcanmeetallthetouristmarketsofEurope.
Thequestionis:Howdoesthedevelopmentofnautical
tourism affect an economic growth in the
European
economiccircumstances?Inpractice,therearetwobasic
models of development, that have been recorded,
studiedandquantifiedintheory:
465
a) Amodelinwhichamarinaisfoundatthelocation,
where other segments of tourist industry have
alreadybeendevelopedhighly.
b) A model in which a marina is found in the
economicallyunderdevelopedlocality
InthefirstmentionedModel a), amarina hasno
rolefor
development.Themarinaisjustoneproduct
ofaspectrumof touristfacilities.Thismodelcanbe
found on the Cote d’Azur, e.g. Nice, which is
saturated with tourist facilities. In this model,the
marina, charter and cruising serve only to
complement a stronger market, chiefly comprising
hotels.
Butin
thesecond mentioned Model b), a marina,
or a cruise port, acts as a leader for the economic
developmentof a localityora region.Thismodel is
widelypresentintheMediterraneanRegion,butalso
onallthecoastsinEurope.Theinfluenceofamarina
is crucial in the
less‐developed areas, and, as in
concentric circles, it becomes a center of extended
development. The examples of this model can be
foundthroughouttheMediterraneanRegion, butalso
intheBalticSeaRegion,wherecruisingandmarinas
havebecomeleadersforthedevelopmentoftourism
andeconomyingeneral.
The first model is especially found throughout
Europe, though particularly in the Mediterranean
Region,whereveramarinaislocatednearalargecity.
Beinga partof acity environment, thereis no need
foramarinatodevelopadditionalfacilitiesofitsown
because everything is already available in the
city.
There is only one example, where a marina
‘conquered’ a developed tourist destination and
achieved a scale that dominates the local tourist
environment.
Thesecondmodel,whereamarinaoracruiseport
isaninitiatingfactor for developmentofthearea,is
interesting because of the perspective it
offers on
growth of the potential in a time of economic crisis
and efforts to find the way out of it. That model
developedspontaneously,undertheinfluenceofthe
market, but many European economies have not
recognizedit,yet,soitremainsasapotentialsource
offuturedevelopment.
If
weconsidertheEuropeanmodelofregionaland
local development, where the planning and support
for development is transferred from the state to a
local and a regional government, then a marina
phenomenonshouldbestudiedasaclearexampleof
thetheorybeingputintopractice.
The second model
is particularly relevant to
strategies of future development in Europe, on the
grounds that such development takes a significant
role in the promotion of regional development in a
way that can be of central interest to local and
regional government. An opportunity is thus
provided for a strategy of diversification that
can
extend to the macro‐economic level of development
withanobviouspositivepotential.
It is worth to underline that “traditional port
management models and the state of the transport
infrastructure decrease the competitive position”
(Przybyłowski,2009)ofcruisingportsandmarinasin
lotsofEuropeancountriesintransition.
“Thusthereis
a need for novel organization solutions and more
investment in the infrastructure and superstructure
also in order to enhance their competitiveness”.
(Przybyłowski,2009).
a.Marina BaiaDes Anges (Nice),operating inconjunction
withthehotelcomplex
b.MarinaFrapa(Rogoznica)asalocalleader
Figure 2 Models of therole marinas play in the economic
developmentinEurope
SourceLuković,T.
A serious problem for local and regional
authorities it is collecting money for investment in
transport infrastructure, including marine
infrastructure.ThankstotheEuropeanUnionFunds,
thereisapossibilitytogeta financialsupportforthe
development of marine and land transport
infrastructure. Polish local and regional authorities
and marine
related industries have taken advantage
of the European Structural Fund for financing
investments from 2004. Thanks to that, there have
been realized a great number of infrastructura l
projects i.e.for renewing marinas andbuilding new
ones,forbuildinghighway leading to cruisingports
on the Polish Sea Coast etc. While,
Croatia will
becomeamemberoftheEuropeanUnionfrom2013
andthenallEUfunds would be alsoaccessibleas a
form of financing of the projects aiming into
developmentofmarineinfrastructure.
Inspiteofit,therearecertainlyagreatnumberof
otherdeterminantsinfluencinguponthedevelopment
ofmarinasorcruiseportswhichcouldberesearched
andanalyzed.
466
5 DEVELOPMENTOPPORTUNITIESINEUROPE
In accordance with the research, Europe has in all
about 6,000 all types’ marinas, of which 1600‐2000
quality commercial marinas. Together with a large
numberofyachts,whicharelocatedinthesemarinas,
aswellasonland,wecansaythatEuropeanmarinas
and yachts represent a strong capital base for
development of the entire marine industry. The fact
that,wearetalkingaboutlotsoftensbillionsofeuros
ofcapital,indicatingtheneedtostudyaphenomenon
ofnauticaltourism.
Pastdevelopmentofmarinasandmarineresearch
findings impact on the
development of local and
regional economy, indicate that it is a phenomenon
that needs more attention because it opens up the
possibilityofdevelopmentin each ofthemarkets in
Europe. Its role is affirmative and investors should
recognize. The role of the state, regional and local
governmentsaretofacilitate
thenormaldevelopment
and define the rules for development in order to
develop the retained all the characteristics of
sustainable development, which special attention
shouldbegiven.
The judicious activities of the local and regional
governments can became a factor stimulating
economic development of the region. However, the
governmentshould
beacoordinatoroftheseactivities
and take care about promotion of strategic
investmentsessentialfortheregionandthecountry.
Suchanattitudeisinaccordancewiththeregulations
of European Union. It is much easier to receive a
financial support from European Union Funds only
then ifan investment
project concerns improvement
of accessibility to marinas, but it is much more
difficult to get a grant for development of marine
infrastructure. It is in harmony withthe rulesof the
CommonMarket.(Kizielewicz,2005).
The fact that in all the markets of Europe, the
demand is greater than supply,
the development is
secured,butitshouldbemanaged.Forthepurposeof
economic development, welcome the efforts of the
European Union, which has organized a special
department for the promotion of nautical touris m
development with special emphasis on the
developmentofamarina.
6 CONCLUSION
The phenomenon of nautical tourism,
and in it the
marineindustry,isstillinsufficientlyexplored.Until
today, this phenomenon is not adequate attention,
and developed independently, and the level of
developmentisdependedonlotsoffactors,primarily
onthenationaleconomicdevelopment.Inaccordance
withtheknownresearches,theimpactofamarina,as
wellasothertypesofnauticaltourism,initsindirect
segment on development of three times the basic
industries.Inaddition,marinas which are locatedin
less developed localities initiate the rapid
developmentofthelocaleconomy.Thephenomenon
thatmarinasaretheinitiatorsoflocaldevelopmentis
not well studied,
but it is a fact to be noted in all
European markets. This indicates, that the
compatibilityofthe marina development modeland
the development model backed by the European
Union, is important for the economies in transition,
suchasCroatia and Polandeconomy. Thereforethis
research is encouraging for
future research, for the
benefitofallthemarketsofEurope.
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www.nauticaltourism.com.au
www.portbooker.org
