International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 6

Number 1

March 2012

131

1 THE PROBLEM

Description of climatic conditions which are found

in aids to navigation (Pilots, Routing Charts, and Pi-

lot’s Charts) make use of average values of meteoro-

logical elements. Such an approach follows the

methods applied in classical climatology where cli-

mate is treated as “a mean state of atmosphere in a

many- year period”.

Climatic characteristics based on averaged cours-

es of meteorological elements and on their extreme

values, in some situations, seem to have restricted

use as it does not give any information as to the cor-

relations between them. It says nothing about the re-

al state of the atmosphere, about the weather. Com-

plex climatology provides such a possibility as it

treats climate (many–year weather regime) as “an

average structure and a sequence of weather”. This

approach makes it possible to describe, at the same

time, a series of meteorological elements observed,

i.e. real state of atmosphere (real weather).

The frequency of occurrence of types of adverse

or unfavorable weather conditions is extremely

important for sea ports, for their effective work. No

matter what cargo is handled in a given port, strong

and very strong winds are to be treated as weather

conditions which disturb or even do not allow work-

ing properly. In number of cases the routine work of

a port is made difficult when the air temperature

falls below zero and remains as such during the

whole or part of the day (when the air temperature is

around or below 0º C during the day). Loading and

discharging of some cargoes is impossible or ceased

during precipitation. Poor visibility or visibility re-

stricted by fog or any type of precipitation may

cause great problems in ports both during vessels

maneuvering and while loading certain kinds of

goods. Because precipitation is difficult to forecast

and because rain or snow or other types of precipita-

tion is connected with clouds, so the occurrence of

certain clouds can provide us with information

which is important for port operation.

Polish Seaports – Unfavorable Weather

Conditions for Port Operation

(Applying Methods of Complex Climatology

for Data Formation to be Used by Seafaring)

J. Ferdynus

Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

ABSTRACT: The use of methods of complex climatology, which treats climate as a many-year weather re-

gime, made it possible to define the annual structure of weather states observed in seven Polish sea ports, i.e.

Elbląg, Gdańsk, Hel, Łeba, Ustka, Kołobrzeg and Świnoujście. This work uses data originating from

OGIMET and covers the period 2000-2009.

Weather conditions that make port operation either difficult or even impossible are considered to be those

when, during a day, we observe negative air temperatures, cloudiness, precipitation and strong winds at the

same time. Once the frequency of occurrence of unfavorable weather conditions has been defined for the port

operation then for each port a climatogram was drawn illustrating their frequency in the following decades of

a given year.

Weather conditions which are unfavorable for the work in Polish sea ports are observed only in autumn and

winter, and during early spring; they are most frequent in the ports of Ustka and Gdańsk. Their annual fre-

quency in none of the described ports exceeds 1% so the conditions in Polish sea ports may be regarded as fa-

vorable for port operations. The worst weather conditions are observed in the last decade of December, third

decade in January and in the second and third decades in February as well as i the first decade of April.

132

Port efficiency decreases significantly if, even

one, of the mentioned meteorological element is ob-

served. Thus, negative air temperatures result in

freezing of moist bulk cargoes, precipitation restricts

visibility and makes loading or discharging of goods

which are susceptible to moisture impossible and

strong winds affect safe navigation and have influ-

ence on proper operation of cargo handling facilities.

Greater problems arise when the meteorological el-

ements are observed together. With the air tempera-

ture falling below 0ºC and strong wind which cools

the air at the same time cause that port operation is

difficult. When minus temperatures are accompanied

by strong wind and precipitation then icing of ves-

sels and cargo handling facilities can be observed.

A lot of hydrological and meteorological phe-

nomena both dangerous and favorable for ports and

navigation take place as a result of concurrence de-

fined by certain liminal values of meteorological el-

ements. The presentation of hydro-meteorological

data proposed by complex climatology can make the

assessment of climatologic conditions for this type

of work easier and can help to define the periods

which are marked by adverse or favorable climatic

conditions with reference to port operation.

2 METHOD AND OBSERVATIONAL DATA

Basic theory regarding methods of complex clima-

tology as well as its detailed description can be

found in work by Olszewski (1967) and Woś (1970,

1977a and b). This analysis makes use of partially

modified weather classification proposed by Marsz

(1992). This classification, as well as a detailed de-

scription of procedure used in dealing with input da-

ta can be found in author’s earlier works (among

others 1994, 1996, 1997), and the way of interpreta-

tion is presented by Ferdynus, Marsz and Styszyńska

(1995) and Ferdynus (1996, 2000).

The classified period comprises a given day and

the elements by which it is characterized - covered

mean minimal and maximal air temperature (T),

mean overall cloudiness (N), sum of atmospheric

precipitation (R) and mean and maximum wind

speed (V). In this way each day is described by

means of four figures – TNRV and the number of

possible weather conditions in such classification

amounts to 486 (9×3×2×9) – see Table 1.

Fig. 1. Location of the meteorological stations used in his

study.

The data used above were taken from 7 ports

(Fig.1) from the ten-year period 2000 – 2010. Daily

values of meteorological elements originate from

OGIMET data sets. They are averaged values of dai-

ly synoptic observations. These data were thorough-

ly checked and in doubtful cases were compared to

the data originating from ECA&D and where it

turned to be necessary, they were corrected accord-

ingly.

Table 1. Classification of weather’s

___________________________________________________

Symbols Partitions Name of weather

___________________________________________________

T 0 20,0° < t

< 29,9°C, exceptionally warm

min

≥ 0°C

9 10,0° < t

< 19,9°C, very warm

min

≥ 0°C

8 5,0° < t

< 9,9°C, warm

min

≥ 0°C

7 0,0° < t

< 4,9°C moderately warm

min

≥ 0°C

6 t

min

< 0° and t

max

> 0° transitional

5 –0,0° < t

< –4,9°C, moderately frosty

min

< 0°C

4 –5,0° < t

< –9,9°C, frosty

min

< 0°C

3 –10,0° < t

< –19,9°C, very frosty

min

< 0°C

2 –20,0° < t

< –29,9°C, exceptionally frosty

min

< 0°C

___________________________________________________

N 1 0,0 < N < 2,0 blue sky

2 2,1 < N < 5,9 party clouded

3 6,0 < N < 8,0 cloud

___________________________________________________

R 0 RR = 00 mm no precipitation or

precipitation < 0,1 mm

1 RR > 00 mm precipitation

___________________________________________________

V 0 0,0 < v

< 1,5 m/s calm or light air

1 1,6 < v

< 7,9 m/s, light breeze

max

< 11 m/s

2 1,6 < v

< 7,9 m/s, light breeze with

max

≥ 11 m/s periods of strong

breeze

3 8,0 < v

< 16,9 m/s, strong breeze

max

< 17 m/s

4 8,0 < v

< 16,9 m/s, strong breeze with

max

≥ 17 m/s periods of gale

5 8,0 < v

< 16,9 m/s, strong breeze

max

≥ 30 m/s with periods of storm

6 17,0 < v

< 29,9 m/s, storm

max

< 30 m/s

7 17,0 < v

< 29,9 m/s, storm with periods

max

≥ 30 m/s of hurricane

8 v

≥ 30 m/s hurricane

___________________________________________________

With reference to their location the examined

ports can be divided into those located in the region

of the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany), the Gulf of

Gdańsk, those located on open sea and in the region

133

of Szczecin Lagoon (Zalew Szczeciński) (Fig.1).

When taking into account morphological features,

we can distinguish the following types of ports:

those situated in bays, gulfs, e.g. (Gdańsk – the

North Port), those located close to river mouths (Łe-

ba, Ustka, Kołobrzeg), and river and canal ports

(Świnoujście, Elbląg, Gdańsk – Inland port), and

those located on open sea (Hel). If we take into con-

sideration their size (e.g. cargo handling capacity or

the port area) then we can talk about big and small

ports.

3 FREQUENCY OF ADVERSE WEATHER

CONDITIONS FOR PORT OPERATION

As it was mentioned in the introduction, weather el-

ements which have influence on the efficiency of

port operation are the following: low air tempera-

ture, strong wind and clouds. It was also denoted

that concurrence of these elements is extremely un-

favorable. This work, making use of classification

mentioned above (Table 1), treats weather condi-

tions, which are regarded as those having negative

influence on port operation, as:

T ∩ N ∩ R ∩ V – group A;

(T ∩ R ∩ V) ∪ (T ∩ N ∩ R) – group B;

(T ∩ R) ∪ (T ∩ V) ∪ (R ∩ V) ∪(N ∩ R) – group C;

where

T = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;

N = 3;

R = 1;

V = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Weather types from Group A should be treated as

especially unfavorable for port operation as they

combine concurrence of all four adverse weather el-

ements. Group B is made up of three of these ele-

ments and in Group C there are two meteorological

elements which make port operation difficult and in

this way lower the port efficiency. Weather condi-

tions which do not fall into any of the above groups

are regarded to be neutral and are classed as

Group D.

The examined ports are situated in the same cli-

matic zone (maximum difference in latitude is only

about 1°φ), so the observed differences in the fre-

quency of occurrence of certain weather groups can

only be attributed to local conditions.

3.1 Elblag

The port of Elbląg (φ = 54°10'N; λ = 019°23'E) is

the biggest port located on the Vistula Lagoon, situ-

ated on the river Elbląg in a distance of 6 km from

its mouth to the Vistula Lagoon. It is a regional port

rendering services for coastal navigation both for

merchant (coal, building materials, sand, broken

stone) and passengers vessels and for tourists. In

2008 only 14 vessels of total tonnage 4.6 thousand

GRT called at the port of Elbląg (ten times fewer

than in 2005). In 2008 cargo handling reached 5700

tons, in this amount 1700 tons of steel constructions

and 4000 tons of sand.

The transport of passengers amounted to 39909

people. In 2008 cargo handling and passenger

transport in the port of Elbląg reached totally 4000

tons and 32899 people respectively (Rocznik Stat-

ystyczny Gospodarki Morskiej 2009).

Fig. 2 Climatogram for Elbląg (2000-2009).

134

The analysis of climatogram drawn for Elbląg

(Fig. 2) indicates that in the years 2000 – 2009 the

type of weather from Group A is observed very sel-

dom, accounting to only 1.0% in the first decade of

December and 3.0% in the first decade of April –

and they are the only two decades during the whole

year. During the first decade of April there were two

weather types 5314 and 6314 and in the first decade

of December weather 6314 type.

If we take into consideration the occurrence of

weather types from Groups B and C it is obvious

that they are much more frequent. Weather types

from Group B can be observed for the first time in

the third decade of October and the last time in the

first decade of April. They are noted in the third

decade of December most frequently (around 50%).

In the second decade of February a secondary max-

imum of frequency 42% is observed and from this

decade on we can observe the decrease in their fre-

quency. Weather types from Group C are noted in

Elbląg during the entire year and they occur most

frequently during winter and on the turn of seasons

(second decade of November – 50%; first decade of

December – 46%; first decade of March).

When we analyze the climatogram it is easy to

notice that the weather type from group D comprise

the rest of the dominant weather and it means that

climatic conditions in the port of Elbląg seem to be

favorable. From the third decade of March on, the

frequency of that group exceeds 50% and such situa-

tion is observed till the third decade of October. The

most favorable conditions for the port operation in

the port of Elbląg are noted from the second decade

of April to the third decade of September – during

that period the frequency exceeds 70% and in the

third decade of May reaches 87% and in the first

decade of May 80%.

3.2 Gdańsk

In the port of Gdańsk (φ = 54°24‘N; λ = 018°42‘E)

located in the central part of the southern coast of

the Baltic Sea we can distinguish two regions of dif-

ferent operational parameters: Inner Port located

along the Martwa Wisła and the North Port directly

accessible from the Gulf of Gdańsk.

In the Inner Port there are container terminal, fer-

ry terminal and terminal for ro-ro vessels, car termi-

nal, and terminal for handling citrus, liquid and

granulated sulphur and for phosphates. The remain-

ing quays have universal character and make it pos-

sible to handle general cargo and bulk cargo. Termi-

nals for handling fuel oil, liquid fuel and coal are

located in the North Port.

In 2008 the port of Gdańsk served 3999 vessels

of total capacity 32793,3 thousand GRT. About 19

mln ton were handled including ore – 16 thousand

tons, grain 960 thousand tons, general cargo 3,5 mln

tons, coal 2,7 mln ton and fuel 9 mln ton and almost

165 thousand passengers were served (Rocznik Stat-

ystyczny Gospodarki Morskiej 2009).

It can be easily noticed when comparing climato-

gram from Gdansk with the one for Elbląg that

weather types from Group A are more frequently

noted in the port of Gdańsk. The first record is ob-

served in the second decade of December and it is

observed till the first decade of April and their max-

imum frequency is noted in the second decade of

February (at an average six days in a decade). They

are weather types 4313, 5313, 5314, 6313, 6314 and

6315. When compared with Elbląg they are charac-

terized by lower air temperature and greater wind

speed.

Weather from Group B in Gdańsk is observed

from the second decade of October to the first dec-

ade of April. Maximum, exceeding 20% frequency

is noted in the third decade of December (24%), in

the first decade of January (21%) and second decade

of February (24%). Weather types from group C are

noted during the whole year-in two decades they

reach 50% frequency – the third decade of January

and November.

When we analyze the frequency of weather which

is favorable for the port operation i.e. group D, it

should be noted that only in 10 decades their fre-

quency does not exceed 50% (the lowest frequency

25% - in the second decade of February). In 14 dec-

ades their frequency exceeds 75% – such situation

can be observed from the second decade of April till

the third decade of September. The best weather

conditions for port operation in Gdańsk occur in the

third decade of May (91%). Generally speaking sim-

ilar to Elbląg weather conditions in Gdańsk are fa-

vorable for port operation but they are a bit more

difficult than in Elbląg.

3.3 Hel

The port of Hel (φ = 54°36'N, λ = 18°48'E) is locat-

ed in the southern part of the Hel Sandbank, at the

western part of the extreme part of the sandbank, on

the eastern coast of the Puck Bay. The civil port is

situated in the south west part of the town, south of

Hel military port. The port of Hel is mainly fishing

harbor and is also a port for pleasure crafts (White

Fleet) coming from “3city”. Hel has never been a

cargo handling port (Krośnicka 2007). In 2008 Hel

was visited by 1066 vessels of total capacity 479,8

thousand GRT (Rocznik Statystyczny Gospodarki

Morskiej 2009).

135

Fig. 3. Climatogram for Gdańsk (2000 – 2009).

Fig. 4. Climatogram for Hel (2000 – 2009).

136

Weather types from Group A were observed in

Hel only in 6 decades (in Gdańsk in 12 decades).

Reaching maximum 2% frequency in the third dec-

ade of December, January and February - these

weather types are marked with symbols 4314, 5314,

and 6314 (Fig. 4). Contrary to Gdańsk the weather

types from Group A occur in Hel in single, separated

decades.

In the analyzed period 2000 – 2009 weather types

form Group B appeared for the first time in the se-

cond decade of October, then in the first decade of

November and only from the third decade of No-

vember they are constantly observed. Such situation

is present until the second decade of April. Starting

from the last decade of December till the first decade

of March weather types form this group reach 20%

frequency (maximum 32% in the second decade of

February). Weather types form Group C are ob-

served during the entire year and their maximum

frequency in noted in the third decade of January

(63%) and November (59%) and the first decade of

March (50%).

Weather types from Group D are noted during the

whole year and from the second decade of April till

the first decade of October they reach 75% frequen-

cy- at the turn of May and June such weather condi-

tions are noted 9 days in a decade on average.

3.4 Łeba

The port of Łeba (φ = 54°46'N, λ = 17°33'E) is situ-

ated on the mouth of the Łeba river (the place where

the river flows into the sea) and similar to Hel is on-

ly fishing and tourist port. It is not fitted with cargo

handling facilities (Krośnicka 2007).

Weather types form Group A (5313, 5314, 6313

and 6314) are observed for the first time in the se-

cond decade of November and for the last time in

the first decade of April (Fig. 5). Similar to the port

of Hel weather types from this group do not form

one group; the decades during which they can be ob-

served are separated and their frequency drops to

0%. All in all they are noted in 9 decades. When

compared with the port of Hel and Gdańsk the fre-

quency of weather types from Group A in Łeba is

higher – they can be observed not only more fre-

quently but also sooner, as early as in the second

decade of November.

Weather types from Group B are noted from the

third decade of October till second decade of April

and the frequency exceeds 10% from the third dec-

ade of November till the second decade of March.

They reach their maximum value during the third

decade of December (37%) and January (35%) and

in the second decade of February (31%). Weather

types from Groups C are observed during the whole

year and they reach maximum frequency (above

50%) from the second decade of October till the first

decade of March; except the third decade in Decem-

ber, the second in January and the third decade in

February.

The most favorable weather conditions for the

port operation in the port of Łeba occur from the se-

cond decade of April till the second decade of June

and from the third decade of July to the first decade

of September, when the weather types from Group D

reach maximum 75% frequency. When compared

with the port of Hel weather types from this group

appear more rarely.

3.5 Ustka

The port of Ustka (φ = 54°35‘N; λ = 016°52’E) is

located on the mouth of the Słupia river and is one

of the largest fishing harbors in Poland-about 60

fishing boats permanently berth here. From a few to

a dozen of thousands of tons of cargo is handled in

the port of Ustka every year (in 2008 – 3.2 thousand

tons). Most frequently it is bulk and general cargo.

In 2008 twenty one vessels entered the port of Ustka

(2 general cargo vessels, 11 barges carrying dry bulk

cargo and 7 passenger vessels) of overall capacity

13, 6 thousand GRT (Rocznik Statystyczny Gospo-

darki Morskiej 2009).

The analysis of climatogram (Fig. 6) indicates

that weather types from Group A (5313, 5314, 5316,

6313, 6314) occur in Ustka more frequently than in

the previously described ports, reaching maximum

6% frequency in the second decade of February. For

the first time they are observed in the third decade of

November and for the last time in the first decade of

April.

Weather types from Group B are observed from

the first decade of October to the first decade of

April and the frequency is more than 10% from the

first decade of December to the second decade of

March. The frequency exceeding 20% is noted in the

third decade of December, in the first and third dec-

ade of January and first and second decade of Febru-

ary. Weather types from Group C are noted during

the whole year - they exceed 50% frequency from

the second decade of October to the first decade of

January, in the third decade of January from the

third of January to the second decade of February

and first decade of March.

Weather types from Group D have 70% frequen-

cy from the third decade of April to the third decade

of July, in third decade of August and September.

The period of continuous occurrence of weather

types from Group D is reduced when compared to

the above described ports. The optimum conditions

for port operations in Ustka are observed in the third

decade of July (84%).

137

Fig. 5. Climatogram for Łeba (2000 – 2009).

Fig. 6. Climatogram for Ustka (2000 – 2009).

Fig. 7. Climatogram for Kołobrzeg (2000 – 2009).

138

3.6 Kołobrzeg

The port of Kołobrzeg (φ = 54°11‘N; λ = 015°35’E)

is situated on the mouth of the river Parsęta and is

the sixth biggest merchant sea port in Poland. It

handles about 150 thousand tons of cargo every year

(84 vessels of total capacity 108,5 thousand tons in

2008). Bulk and general cargo prevail in the cargo

handled there. About 60 fishing boats berth in

Kołobrzeg and rendering services for them is one of

the basic tasks of this port. Kołobrzeg is also tourist

port which was visited by 93 passenger vessels in

2008 (Rocznik Statystyczny Gospodarki Morskiej

2009).

Weather types from Group A (6313,6314) appear

in single decades, i.e. in the first and second decade

of November, the third decade of January, and se-

cond decade of February; reaching maximum fre-

quency of 2% (Fig. 7). The noted weather types are:

6313 and 6314. When compared with the previously

described ports they are only weather types of peri-

odical weather.

Weather types from Group B appear as early as in

the third decade of October and remain until the se-

cond decade of April. The highest frequency is ob-

served in the third decade of December (32%). In

January and February, at the beginning of March

their frequency is similar – reaching 23% and 24%.

Weather types from Group C reach their highest fre-

quency at the turn of October and November (more

than 50%).

In the last decade of April and May weather types

form Group B occur with the frequency of 80%. In a

few decades they reach 70% frequency: it is in the

first and the second decade of May, second decade

of June and the first decade in July and third in Sep-

tember. The frequency of these weather types is not

lower than 34% in any of the decades.

3.7 Świnoujście

The port of Świnoujście (φ = 53°54‘N; λ =

014°15’E) is located on Wolin and Uznam islands,

on the mouth of the Świna river. In 2008 the port of

Świnoujście was visited by 5238 vessels of gross

tonnage 63104,4 thousand tons. More than half of

the cargo handled in the port of Świnoujście is made

up of dry bulk cargo, with the majority of coal and

coke. About 30% of all cargo handled are ro-ro car-

go and lorries (Rocznik Statystyczny Gospodarki

Morskiej 2009).

Weather types from Group A (6313) may be ob-

served in the port of Świnoujście only in few sepa-

rate decades and for the first time they are observed

in the second decade of December (Fig.8). Apart

from this case they are also noted in the second and

third decade of February and March. They do not

reach frequency higher than 2% in any of the above

mentioned decades.

Fig.8. Climatogram for Świnoujście (2000 – 2009).

139

Weather types from Group B can be observed

as early as in the second decade of October and in

the first of November but continuously only from

the third decade of November till the second dec-

ade of April, reaching 20% frequency only in two

decades, i.e. in the third decade of December and

second decade of February. The weather types

from Group C never reach frequency of 50%.

Weather types from the last group reach maxi-

mum exceeding 90% frequency in a few decades-

the third decade of April, May, July and August

and the first decade of May and second decade in

June. None of these decades are marked by fre-

quency lower than 40%.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The analysis of climatograms drawn for Polish sea

ports indicates that each of them has its own clear-

ly defined structure of weather. In all of them both

frequency as well as distribution in time of weather

which is unfavorable for their operation is unique.

The weather types from Group A are most fre-

quently noted in the port of Ustka and Gdańsk and

least frequently in Elblag and Hel. In a case of

Gdansk the weather of this group was observed in

12 and in Ustka in 11 decades, in Elbląg in two

decades in Kołobrzeg in four decades, and in

Świnoujście in five. Weather types from this group

in none of these ports and in none of the decades

reached frequency exceeding 10% which means

that they are not observed every year – so they are

weather types occurring from time to time only.

The weather types from Group A for the first time

in an annual cycle appear as early as second dec-

ade of November (Łeba, Kołobrzeg) and the latest

in the third decade of December (Hel). For the last

time these types of weather are noted in the first

decade of April (such a situation takes place in five

out of seven analyzed ports). Thus, it may be stated

that the most unfavorable weather types are ob-

served, not surprisingly, only during autumn, win-

ter and spring seasons. In the analyzed ports it is

only Gdansk were the weather is noted in a contin-

uous way from the second decade of December un-

til the first decade of April. In the other ports dec-

ades with weather types from Group A are

separated by decades during which such weather

type is not observed.

Weather types which do not have direct influ-

ence on the efficiency of port operation, i.e. weath-

er types characterized by positive air temperatures

during the whole day, without clouds, without pre-

cipitation and calm are most frequently observed

from April till September. The 80% frequency is

observed in the decades starting from the first dec-

ade of April in Świnoujście, second decade in

April in Hel, the third decade in April in Gdansk,

Ustka and in Kołobrzeg, and in Łeba in the third

decade in May. For the last time such high fre-

quency is noted in the third decade of September

(Elblag, Gdańsk, Hel, Świnoujście), in the third

decade of August (Ustka) and in the third decade

of July (Kołobrzeg). Thus, the periods covering

summer, late spring and early autumn turn to be

most favorable for carrying out port operations in

Polish ports.

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