775

1 INTRODUCTION

Safety and health risks are problems that are

inseparable from all types of work [1,2]. These risks

can be either low or high and pose threats to a

person's life [3,4]. Therefore, every worker must know

the risks associated with a job function and ways to

anticipate them [5]. They also have the right to protect

themselves from these risks [6]. Every job has

associated risks that must be properly managed in a

logical chain of practices through proper planning,

execution, and control. Rodrigues-da-Silva and

Crispim [7] stated that these actions keep project

implementation within certain parameters, such as

time, cost, and quality. Risk management is an

emerging area in management systems [8]. Therefore,

creating protection has also long been intertwined

with and managed through risk management tools

and perspectives [9]. It ensures the safety and well-

being of its workers, customers, and the work

environment [10]. These work conditions include

physical, organizational, and psychosocial factors [11].

According to Sorensen et al. [12], efforts to ensure

and promote workers' safety, health, and well-being

have increasingly focused on integrating the complex

and dynamic systems of the workplace and work

environment. These include strategies, policies,

regulations, recommendations, or programs [13] that

can significantly impact employees [14].

A lack of a safety culture can lead to public health

or occupational medical problems [15]. Therefore, it is

necessary to develop a sound safety management

system (SMS) in businesses or organizations,

specifically those industries with a high risk. The

extent to which safety procedures and regulations are

followed within an organization is influenced by the

organization's dominant culture [4]. However,

Identify the Trends on Maritime Safety Management

System Studies: A Review

A. Junaidi

, H. Yudo

& H. Ab-Samat

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal,Penang, Malaysia

Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: Studies to understand the development of the theory and implementation of effective Maritime

Safety Management are essential to examine its performance. Therefore, this study aims to identify trends that

review Maritime Safety Management using the literature study design model. Data were collected from articles

published in Scopus-indexed international journals from 2012 to 2022 and analyzed qualitatively using the

Interactive data analysis model. This result showed that the trends responsible include the Effectiveness of the

Safety Management System (SMS), developing the model, and identifying sources that raised safety problems.

This study discussed these findings in detail, supported by the latest theory and empirical foundation.

Furthermore, aspects not examined in preliminary studies were evaluated based on the trend with the evolution

of a standard for a SMS, namely the ISM code. Irrespective of implementing this code, ships can still be detained

for various reasons. This led to use the AHP-TOPSIS combination method to analyze all findings issued during

periodical verification to evaluate the implementation of the SMS on board ship.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 18

Number 4

December 2024

DOI: 10.12716/1001.18.04.03

776

irrespective of the industry, the parties involved

should prepare tools to anticipate and manage the risk

to prevent accidents and losses. This will lead to a

groundbreaking study organization and a different

way of performing job tasks, likely impacting the

workers' health and safety [16]. Accidents can affect

the overall results of the remaining employees and

work teams, thereby necessitating reorganization,

psychological and emotional support, with an impact

on project productivity [17]. According to Gould and

Bieder [18], safety has long been a major concern for

organizations, specifically with the advent of

hazardous technologies. Therefore, measuring the

level of safety is a key challenge [19] because some

have piqued the interest of many academics and

practitioners for quite some time [20]. The safety

management measure is important for each

organization within each industry according to the

necessities, and the risks faced. This management

process is similar to other project risks [21]. Safety and

health mechanisms are broadly defined as a collection

of institutionalized, interconnected, and

communicating elements designed to establish and

obtain work safety objectives and goals [22]. It is

critical to comprehend the content, components, and

segments to gain a more detailed understanding of

security and culture [23]. A barrier to safety

improvement is the lack of data for an organization to

evaluate [24]. Every organization needs to abide by

the International standardized safety management

policy to achieve the universal purpose of safety at

work. A requirement is a guideline or structure to

pursue when establishing and working these actions,

whether it is a market risk for all activities on an

enterprise or a specific risk evaluation for a critical

operation [25].

SMS consists of organizations' guidelines and

procedures to reduce workplace accidents. It is a

systematic safety management method widely

studied globally [26]. Organizations commonly use

this method to assess their performance regarding the

safety of citizens, property, and the ecological system

[27]. This can be viewed as an overall organizational

tool for developing, planning, measuring, analyzing,

and controlling an organization's safety performance

and its actions [28]. According to Jiang and Wang [29],

the occurrence of economic losses and casualties can

be reduced through safety management. In this

context, system safety refers to interactive, newly

emerging parameters of the system that is unlikely to

cause loss or harm [30] and believed to positively

impact safety culture [31]. A great Text messaging

includes an organized strategy to risk control, such as

organizational structure, accountability, policies, and

procedures. Text messaging is scalable, hence, it can

be designed to an organization's size and complexity.

Several industries implemented SMS in their business

process to achieve a safe and high-performance work

environment. This aimed to prevent accidents from

endangering the workers, customers, society, and

even the environment.

One of the industries with various categories of

safety and health risks is the marine industry [32, 33,

34]. These risks can occur due to human errors or

natural disasters such as bad weather, tsunamis, etc

[35,36]. Therefore, a system that helps industries

identify and prevent or minimize health and safety

issues, known as the SMS, is needed [37]. Chruzik [38]

mentioned the relationship between the requirements

for the management systems currently applicable in

maritime transport resulting from legal requirements

of Safety Management System. With the

implementation of this system, marine industries are

expected to operate optimally [39,40]. This industry

copes with worldwide competition's difficulties and

increasing efficiency needs [41]. This is because it

facilitates commerce and trade by delivering valuable

raw materials, components, and finished goods [42].

Therefore, a system is needed to help identify and

prevent or minimize occupational health and safety

problems among seafarers [43]. SMS is expected to

assist marine industries in operating optimally and

achieving the highest level of performance.

The International Safety Management (ISM) Code

[44]has been designed to provide a framework for the

marine industry to develop safety measures to reduce

accidents caused by human error [45]. Bastug, Asyali,

and Battal [46] stated that the ISM code provided an

international standard for safe management. This

means that the marine industry must pay attention to

safety, security, efficiency, and a clean natural

environment because it is responsible for 3% of global

carbon emissions [47]. However, maritime transport is

the backbone of international trade and globalization,

including shipping and port [48]. It can transport over

80% of international trade and employ over 1.5

million seafarers [49], which led to the

implementation of the ISM Code. Safety navigation

can reduce maritime incidents and pollution costs

with increased harbor productivity and

competitiveness [50]. These global regulations aim to

prevent or reduce accidents and their consequences,

as well as ensure work safety in ships. ISM Code

implementation is very important because there are

several light and heavy onboard factors that pose a

risk to crew members while working. The code tends

to reveal the possible risks and consequences of the

accident. The ISM code also specifies the steps needed

to improve work safety for a ship's crew, as well as

the strategies needed to prevent accidents. Some of

the incidents obtained while working on the board

and in the engine compartment include colliding with

falling objects, electric currents, etc, due to not paying

close attention and not prioritizing workplace safety.

The lack of attention and negligence in

implementing SMS on board ship will likely cause

various damage. Therefore, it is imperative to

evaluate the implementation of SMS to decide

whether a ship can continue its operation or be

detained for further investigation to prevent

accidents. In the process related to SMS, the

authorities need to have an agile and swift ability to

obtain the most suitable decision for the continuation

of the ship operation. Therefore, it is necessary for

SMS on board ship to be complemented with the

compatible supported method to achieve the best

possible outcome. It is imperative to propose a

compatible method in SMS on an unexplored ship to

gain more insight into the development. Several

studies have been conducted on SMS to obtain a

reliable process. Furthermore, this study determined

the trends utilized by previous studies regarding

safety management in the marine industry for further

analysis. This study also implored the possibility of

777

implementing the AHP-TOPSIS method in SMS on

ships to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of

implementing the Maritime SMS for an effective and

efficient process.

2 METHOD

This literature study was carried out in four stages,

namely designing, reviewing, analyzing, and writing

reports [51]. Data were collected from preliminary

studies on the SMS published in international

scientific journals using search engines and keywords

related to SMS for marine industries. Several criteria

were used in selecting these data, such as articles

published from 2012 to 2022 by Scopus and those that

examined the SMS in the marine industry.

The data collected were then analyzed

qualitatively using interactive models consisting of

three stages, namely reduction, display, and

conclusion/verification [52]. The reduction process

was conducted by selecting articles following the

criteria set in this study to ensure they contained all

the information needed to achieve the desired goals.

This was followed by sorting the data according to the

study purpose, such as grouping articles based on

topics and providing the code for easy identification.

The final stage is concluding data that have been

grouped.

3 FINDING AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Safety Management System (SMS) on Board Ship:

ISM Code

The ISM Code is an international global management

code used to secure the boat business and avert

contamination of the oceanic environment. The IMO

Assembly authorized it with the possibility of future

changes in the world of maritime changes by the same

organization. The ISM Code is the final multinational

and national guideline similar to the quality gold

standards and is used for all shipping lines to ensure

the safety and protection of their ships in the marine

ambient. It consists of 16 components:

Figure 1. The ISM Code elements, source: [44]

The ISM Code must be adhered to by all shipping

industries worldwide on their various types of ships

through the SOLAS Chapter IX Convention. This

increases competitiveness and ensures the viability of

the company. The ISM Code aims to ensure safety at

sea, prevent accidents and fatalities, and avoid

damage to the environment and ships.

Therefore, every business must create, enforce, and

preserve SMS, which is a technology designed by a

shipping company to guarantee maritime security,

completely prevent accidents, and control pollution,

particularly in the surrounding environment. To

accomplish this goal, the ISM Code underscores that

SMS aims should include the following:

1. Organize safety exercises in ship operation and the

work environment.

2. Create a defense or a safeguard against all dangers.

3. Continue to improve ship, land, and water

transportation staff safety practices, such as

emergency management for the security of the

rescue team, the boat, and the surroundings.

SMS must ensure the following:

1. Compliance with regulations

2. Compliance with the applicable codes and

guidelines recommended by organizations,

administrations, categorization seafaring

civilizations, and industry groups.

The company's responsibilities and authorities

have limitations, including:

1. In situations where the individual in charge of the

ship's operating condition is not its holder, the

landlord must document the names and

identification details to the administration.

2. The company must establish documents by the

responsibilities, authorities, and interrelationships

of all personnel who manage and carry out

verification related to work and affect pollution.

As part of the ISM Code requirement, periodical

verification must be carried out on board ship by the

flag state or recognized organization to maintain the

validity of the Safety Management Certificate.

Furthermore, an intermediate verification must occur

between the certificate's second and third-anniversary

date. Finally, renewal verification must be completed

within three months before the certificate's expiry

date.

3.2 Develop a Safety Management Model

The most researched attribute in the SMS case is the

associated model's development. Approximately 56%

of the total studies collected discussed developing or

modifying the SMS model, the detail can be found in

Figure 2. In general, its development is carried out to

enhance the quality of the existing models, thereby

making it a model that is more effective in identifying

and preventing accidents or other things that cause

safety problems. A summary of findings regarding

the development of an identified Safety Management

model is shown in Table 1.

Furthermore, based on the data displayed in

Table 1, it was found that there were various

innovations to make the developed model more

effective. These include utilizing technology, Bayesian

Networks, Scientific Management, statistical analysis,

778

and fuzzy meters. It is imperative to know that using

technology and other innovations can increase the

effectiveness of existing systems. According to

preliminary studies, the use of technology positively

impacts the effectiveness of this model [53,54].

However, with the existing complex problems, the

development of the model in accordance with the

health and safety issues must still be carried out on an

ongoing basis [55,56]. Table 1 shows the details about

things that can be learned from the SMS model

development.

Figure 2. The most researched case in a SMS

3.3 Evaluating the effectiveness of safety management

The second most studied topic from the data collected

within ten years in the Maritime Industry is the SMS

effectiveness. It was found that 24% of the studies

focused on evaluating systems from which several

points can be learned. The important attributes

include the success of SMS, influenced by the

understanding and compliance of its users, as well as

the various approaches used in measuring its

effectiveness, and the detail of implementation can be

found in Table 2 and Figure 3. Therefore, users'

support is needed to realize an effective SMS for

optimal performance [56, 71, 72, 73]. It is also

important to properly evaluate this process to ensure

the system runs well [74, 75]. The evaluation results

can be used to improve the implementation of the

system in the next stage to obtain better results. Based

on the reviewed articles, some topics were discussed

in evaluating the SMS implementation. However,

none discussed the evaluation based on the result of

periodical verification, specifically on evaluating

findings during on-board verification.

Table 1. Things that can be learned from the safety management model development

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

No Topics Things that can be learned

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Technology improves safety The use of technology can be crucial to improving safety and, at the

same time, increasing excessive supervision in the workplace [57]

2. A system engineering approach is used to A system engineering approach improves the SMS effectiveness

implement SMS. [58].

3. Scientific management concepts impact on Scientific management is valid and influential within the content of

ISM Code the ISM Code [59]

4. AIS data and accident reports were used in an This model is excellent for weather forecasting and for determining

exploratory statistical analysis. whether the accident was caused by navigation or some other

factor. The above statistical likelihood was raised by some ship

types, shortened ship length, poor visibility situations, and a flag of

convenience. [60].

5. Using a fuzzy matter element method A fuzzy matter component procedure in the global shipping

industry is a reasonable and efficient strategy for controlling and

preventing total-loss marine casualties [61].

6. Using Bayesian networks and a probabilistic This process demonstrates the model's consistency with the Ship

approach to characterize the static risk of ships. Risk Level metrics in addition to the findings of other studies based

on historical PSC inspection reports [62].

7. Design procedures to prevent marine accidents From a human error perspective, three main things prevent marine

from the human factor side with Bayesian accidents, namely information, clear orders, and a safety culture

Networks and TOPSIS [63].

8. Maritime safety management using a Bayesian The use of the new application of the Bayesian network-based

network model expert system proves that even though several subareas are

operating well, the safety management of ships navigating in

waters still has several attributes that need to be improved [64].

9. Artificial intelligence can help determine ship Use sophisticated tools to support and automate decision-making

owners and engine crews to manage ship engine processes at sea [65].

crews and increase safety.

10. A systems-theoretical approach to improving Factors likely to cause accidents can be identified and analyzed to

the safety of sailing on passenger ships in ensure they are more easily understood by stakeholders, such as

Bangladesh passenger ship crews, regulatory agencies, designers, etc. These

categories of people are expected to be able to use this information

to prevent factors responsible for insecurity on the passenger ship

[66].

11. A Badge design approach for maritime SMS A STAMP-based approach improves the effectiveness of SMS [67]

12. Digital modeling of traffic SMS They can create large system sets from complex ones of different

functional organizations. Furthermore, they can be displayed in

digital format and utilized for systematic study even though no

preliminary information was available [68].

13. Factors that influence the use of ships safety The technology innovations add to the body of awareness on the

management technologies variables that influence the use of smart technologies to enhance

fleet safety [69].

14. Based on Bayesian building a model for fully It is preferable not to enable electric vehicles to charge while being

electric risk control on RoPax ships shipped by RoPax ships because it increases the risk of explosion

[70].

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Table 2. Things that can be learned from the evaluation of the effectiveness of SMS

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

No Topics Things that can be learned

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Managers' and seafarers' understanding and The understanding and participation of users affect the

participation in ISM effectiveness of ISM. [76].

2. Possibility of assessing maritime traffic safety Ways to assess SMS effectiveness [77].

using non-accident critical events. 2020). Hybrid

decision-making to assess the SMS performance [77]

3. SMS efficiency increases safety Efficiency is crucial in SMS [78].

4. ISM Code improves company performance The ISM Code effectiveness can be evaluated in two aspects:

significantly continuous quality improvement and client satisfaction. These

different dimensions are linked to increased company performance

[79].

5. Issues in SMS implementation from the anglers' Although fishers are required to master practical and operational

and seafarers' perspectives skills, many seafarers perform ineffective processes, detailed

planning, and water quality that coastal fishermen lack [34].

6. The human talent’s impact on ISM Code The ISM Code efficiency mediates the relationship between

performance commitment from top management and the shipping company's

profitability, while different expertise belief systems affect this

relationship [80].

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 3: The source of the occurrence of safety problems and what can be learned

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

No Topics Things that can be learned

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Accidents involving fire and explosion in Human error, thermal reaction, electrical fault, and mechanical

maritimetransportation [86] failures are the causal factors of fire and explosion accidents.

Cryogenic natural gas (CrNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and

methanol have properties that make them more suitable for

reducing the risk of fire than traditional fuels. This is because, with

proper risk management, they could be a safer option than

conventional energy sources.

2. Cause of casualties and incidents The captain is responsible for the causes of casualties and incidents:

resources and personnel, crew certifications, training, and

interpersonal interactions. Others include failure to develop ship

operations plans and inability to verify deviations from great

practice procedures. This is particularly in instances classified as

severe accidents due to a lack of future growth of instructions,

procedures, and worksheets [45].

3. The leading cause of oil spills in the tanker The correlation between explosion, collision, grounding, and other

shipping industry variables is higher, indicating that they have a greater influence on

oil spillages.

4. Factors responsible for engine room fire Some such accidents occur because the materials used in

maintenance and repair work are not original.

5. Factors responsible for health problems Several essential factors in the ship's work environment, such as

high physical loads, heavy work postures, poor workplace design,

and long working hours, contribute to health and safety issues.

Others include limited time for recovery and mental and emotional

burdens perceived as a result of unclear boundaries between work,

as well as entertainment and social interactions with clients and

work colleagues. Meanwhile, factors contributing to workplace

safety and health include appropriate care, rest time, and

managers' capacity to resolve issues and build positive working

relationships.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 3. The topic in implementation of SMS

3.4 The source of the occurrence of safety problems

The third most common topic is the source of safety

issues. The findings confirmed that the problems

studied in SMS in the marine industry are generally

related to fire, explosions, oil spills, and employee

health problems. Various sources of issues have been

identified in previous studies in terms of casualties

and incidents. In general, the source of the problem

can be categorized as natural disasters and human

and technical errors. Knowing the sources of these

problems is imperative to determine the right solution

to resolve the issue [81-85]. Understanding the source

of the problem is very important, however, when the

implementation of SMS is properly done, it can be

reduced or avoided. The sources of safety and health

problems are detailed in Table 3.

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3.5 Ship Detention: Lack of Implementation of Safety

Management System (SMS) on Board Ship

When flaws capable of jeopardizing the safety or

causing seaborne harm to the environment are

discovered, Port State Control (PSC) has the power to

hold the ship until the errors are corrected to protect

the public and minimize carbon emissions threats

[87]. The final punishment the Port State Control

imposed on any ship was detention [88]. When a Flag

State Control notices during the inspection that a ship

has significant flaws affecting navigation systems

safety, the inspector must apprehend it in accordance

with the applicable regulations and expert expertise

[89]. On the other hand, according to Article 292 of the

United Nations 1982 Convention on the Law of the

Sea (Convention), ship detention can occur when the

authorities of a state party detain a ship flying the flag

of another state party, and it is alleged that the

detaining state has not complied with the provisions

of the Convention [90]. PSC inspects and detains

foreign ships, when a defect that poses safety risk is

discovered [91]. This detention process plays an

important role in PSC inspection. Although ship

detention is an obligatory by the PSC inspection, it

needs to be conducted in an efficient and accurate

manner through the provision of early warning

information to maritime traffic participants [92]. For

example, crew members are exposed to various

potential injuries when trying to handle dangerous

equipment in confined spaces during repairs. This is

in addition to when conducting heavy lifting and

material handling in connection with loading or

unloading operations. Adverse weather conditions

will also increase the risk of collisions in such

scenarios [93]. Furthermore, findings during PSC

inspection which lead to ship detention must be

evaluated, specifically when related to safety

management requirements and implementation.

3.6 The AHP-TOPSIS Method Combination

Safety mechanisms enable the documentation of

policies and best practices to decrease vocational

hazards at work. The Occupational Safety and Health

Assessment Series (OHSAS) is the preferred

certification because an independent organization

must audit the system. OHSAS is the most broadly

used externally certificated Occupational Health and

Safety Management System (OHSMS). It is essential to

make choices when managing a health and safety

system because the complexity stems from the

innumerable qualitative and quantitative factors that

influence choices. This makes it necessary to identify a

decision-making methodology that empowers the best

option. Health and safety-related key choices

encompass various quantitative and qualitative

factors. Analytical Hierarchical Procedures (AHP),

Analytic Hierarchy Process (ANP), Specific instance

Reasoning (CBR), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA),

Fuzzy set hypothesis, Simulated Annealing (GA),

applied mathematics, simple inter scoring techniques

(SMART), and their hybrids have all been proposed as

broad multi-criteria decision-making approaches.

Among the above-listed methods, one of the most

popular is AHP, which is used to solve complex

decisions. The strength of AHP is that it can divide a

decision-making problem into several levels, thereby

forming a hierarchy with a unidirectional centralized

structure between them.

AHP is an inter-informed decision method with

the ability to recognize and remove discrepancies in

expert judgment. This method allows the use of

consensus to determine the geometric mean of

personal ratings while reducing decision-making bias

and making group decisions. The Framework

originates scores from pair-wise rating comparisons

and is appropriate for several co, non-linear, and

multi-actor decisions with multiple alternatives. AHP

can model situations where no measures occur, such

as modeling risk and uncertainty, due to its ability to

score a scale rather than a measure. This method is

based on three main principles, namely structure

dissolution, judgment comparison, and hierarchical

structure (or synthesis) of priority areas. The process

of breaking down a decision-making process into its

constituent parts makes it easier to remedy.

Figure 4. Three Steps of the AHP Model, source: [77]

TOPSIS is a helpful technique for dealing with

multi-criteria decision-making problems and assisting

decision-makers in organizing problems for solving,

analyzing, comparing, and ranking. It is also a goal-

oriented approach used to locate the nearest

alternative to the ideal solution. Therefore, the

selected alternative must be the one with the short

focus range and greatest geometric distance from the

positive and negative solutions, respectively. The

spacing between the ideal solution and the ideal

negative alternative is considered simultaneously. The

alternative solutions are sorted in this method

similarly to the ideal solution. It compares the

similarity of options by measuring their distance to

the ideal and quasi-solutions.

Figure 5. AHP – TOPSIS Model, source: [77]

781

4 CONCLUSION

The marine industry is associated with various

categories of light to severe risks that can make

workers experience problems in terms of health and

safety. For this reason, good safety management is

needed to minimize risk with a need for a certain

standard for SMS called the ISM Code. Several

preliminary studies have been conducted regarding

SMS, which can be grouped into three. These include

studies on the development, testing the effectiveness,

and identifying the problem responsible for the

occurrence of accidents. Furthermore, the three study

groups were an inseparable circuit where the

development of the source of safety problems is used

to determine the model's effectiveness. In situations

where the model is not optimal, it is necessary to

analyze the source of other problems. Nevertheless,

from various literatures, it is found that even with this

standard, the ship can still be detained for various

reasons. Therefore, this study suggests solving the

problem by analyzing the finding during periodical

verification using the combination method called

AHP-TOPSIS

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