521

1 INTRODUCTION

Trade facilities are needed for both domestic and

international trade [1] . Success in the market will be

determined by the government's ability to provide

environmental support that can provide an existence

of encouragement for efficiency in improving services

and trading strategies that exist in a country. Trade

facilities have provided a role that can be essential for

international trade. Remains a form of economic

development for a country [2]. The government's

efforts are expected to provide an idea of how

effectively the trade facilities established by the

government can contribute to economic growth and

development. Initially, the concept of trade facilities

was implemented in a dance decline and this has been

the focus of previous studies and was followed by the

existence of non-tariffs which has recently been

implemented in globalization which is a cross-border

activity [3]. When free trade liberalization has given

sufficient pressure to implement competitive actions

and advantages between market areas, this becomes a

form of action that must be anticipated in a domestic

market [4]. It is hoped that this will become a strategy

to provide an efficient allocation of resources in

achieving stability [5]. This increase in globalization

will produce a production network and attractiveness

for exporting countries to be able to meet the needs of

other countries [5] (Dornbusch, 1992). Is it possible?

When a country achieves an improvement toward

better trade, other people will be able to have benefits

and economic relations [6] . The conceptualization of

trade varies considerably across time and across

institutions [7] . A fairly general definition can be

considered an application of procedures to reduce

costs[2], [8]. Understandably, many companies will be

involved in international trade and will be faced with

quite high costs in terms of logistics transportation

and government policies this will prevent these

companies from utilizing their capacity [9].

In addition, some factors influence the

internalization and localization decisions of

multinational companies. Foreign investment [10].

Trade usually involves various unavoidable

transaction costs related to transportation coupled

Quality of Transportation Infrastructure and Trade

Facilities:

Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing

Trade and Economic Productivity

P. Widiatmaka

, A. Nur Prasetyo

, S. Suherman

, H. Sularno

, T. Cahyadi

, P. Pranyoto

. Fitrianingsih

, K. Kundori

& S. Sukrisno

Merchant Marine Collage, Semarang, Indonesia

Universitas Maritim AMNI, Semarang, Indonesia

STIEPARI, Semarang, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: This study seeks to develop a conceptual model for increasing the productivity of a province in

Indonesia. Based on trade facilities, it is hoped that it will become a key factor or strategy to increase trade that

is oriented towards increasing the productivity of the provinces in Indonesia. Model In this study, in 34

provinces in Indonesia using secondary time series data and primary cross-sectional data. Self-data analysis

using Amos 25 And from the results of data analysis all hypotheses proposed in this study is accepted, it shows

that trade facilities are a key strategy for increasing trade and its orientation towards productivity growth of the

gross regional domestic product.

http://www.transnav.eu

the

International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 18

Number 3

September 2024

DOI: 10.12716/1001.18.03.0

522

with the burden of documentation procedures which

are once higher than expected [11] . Small and

medium enterprises can benefit from the use of

transaction costs which can result in increasing their

opportunities to participate in the Global Value Chain

[1] . One of the most relevant drivers of economic

growth and income does not only rely on trade [12],

[13]. Transportation and logistics are quite significant

and fundamental in increasing economic growth [14] .

There is still no clear correlation between trade and

economic growth, but a better understanding has

provided a policy framework to address this progress.

And this is considered part of trade facilitation efforts

[7] . Although it is difficult to provide an

identification of the extent to which transportation

will be able to help increase competitiveness [15] , the

core components of competitiveness always provide

access to markets and resources [14], [16] . There is the

availability of transportation infrastructure that will

be able to provide opportunities to reduce the overall

cost and turnaround time, but various focuses on a

systemic view related to logistics are also needed to

optimize this development [17] . This research seeks

to propose a conceptual model for increasing the

productivity of economic growth in Indonesia. What

are the factors that influence economic growth in

Indonesia and how will the role of transportation

infrastructure increase the productivity of economic

growth in Indonesia? This study aims to answer these

questions through the role of the mediating variables

of trade and trade facilities.

2 LITERATURE AND HYPOTHESIS

DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Quality of Infrastructure and Trade Facilities

The quality of transportation infrastructure plays an

essential role in increasing global competitiveness

[18], [19]. Because it will be able to provide a tactical

direction toward increasing productivity to allow a

reallocation of capital and labor [20]. Transportation

infrastructure will be able to support the emergence of

a global public network organization and be able to

provide facilities for solving problems in international

markets [11]. Increased trade has been able to provide

a boost to the development and economic growth of

the transportation transformation bastion has

supported a variety of quite optimal practices by

improving the governance of electronic connectivity

and being able to simplify processes to avoid

additional time and costs [21]. Some agencies do not

provide certainty regarding infrastructure progress

for transportation in countries caused by various

exogenous and endogenous factors. However, a fairly

consensus about benefits for the economy has been

reviewed by [22]. Economic value has been researched

by [18], [23].

In addition, there are various indicators in

facilitating the concept of trade, including business

environment regulations, the efficiency of border

technology transportation, and the physical

infrastructure of ducks that have a higher impact on a

country's economy than the volume of export trade.

Meanwhile, improvements in related fields are

expected to be able to provide border efficiency that

may be able to provide promising results, especially

for developing countries, but these results are not

sufficient to determine whether one physical

infrastructure is more relevant than another because

the individual transport infrastructure index must be

calculated individually. aggregated to form a definite

indicator. In this sense, development is

interdependent on an asset and it needs to be

underlined that the provision of infrastructure is said

to be irrelevant if it does not capture the operator in

providing support and benefits from the involvement

of cassava from an economic dynamic perspective, the

findings of [23]. So that it can be said that an effort is

needed to provide an identification of aspects that are

quite specific and relevant to infrastructure for much

better policies. Based on this argument, the hypothesis

can be drawn as follows H1: transportation

infrastructure positively influences trade facilities,

and the higher the trading facilities.

2.2 Transportation and Trade Infrastructure

The quality of transportation infrastructure has a

fairly fundamental role in regulating western

movements. This can have a pretty bad impact on the

low quality of infrastructure. Meanwhile, the lack of

quality infrastructure will be able to have a significant

impact on a country's ability to integrate into the

world economy [22]. Infrastructure that is sufficiently

well developed will be able to reduce the impact on

distances between regions and be able to provide

better decision-making regarding the location of

economic activities. Immediately can create lower

transportation costs [24]. Complementary concepts in

the factors of production of labor and capital [20].

Previous studies have shown that differences in the

existence of infrastructure efficiency will have a

positive impact on a country's imports and export.

This can be implemented through greater time

variations between countries for the same purpose

[25]. Efficiency is also able to provide increased costs

and this will have an impact on the concept of

reducing trading activities [26], which will directly

affect the performance of domestic companies such as

MSMEs [3].

A fairly good level of quality of transportation

infrastructure will be able to provide a reflection for a

decrease and increase in transportation costs [27].

Therefore we can provide a systemic approach when

logistics and transportation infrastructure investment

can be said to be a sufficiently fundamental factor that

can contribute to timely delivery and can reduce costs

incurred. Increased investment in transportation

infrastructure will contribute to improving its quality.

However, this does not always lead to lower

transportation costs [16], [28]. Variations in

transportation costs will provide an opportunity to

compete in international markets and achieve global

competitiveness that is quite competitive [29].

Transportation costs will affect international trade,

how is the quality of the infrastructure owned is an

interesting consideration [15]. This cost reduction will

have a significant impact on increasing the combined

turnaround logistics of their service companies that

cover the main modes of transportation [17]. In

principle, sea transportation modes, land

transportation modes, and air transportation modes

523

have different implications on how traded goods can

be moved from one country to another, this is

determined based on the commodity. export import

activities of goods [30]. This will determine a

country's competitive position and dependency on

various just diamond requirements that affect the

global time production network [21].

Based on the description above, the hypothesis can

be drawn as follows:

H2: The quality of transportation infrastructure

has a positive effect on trading activities. The higher

the quality of transportation infrastructure, the higher

the trading activities.

2.3 Trade Facilities Mediate the Influence Between the

Quality of Transport Infrastructure and Trade

Teleportation is an industry that is capable of vitally

influencing economic activity and is also shaped by

these economic activities [15], [31]. From here

transportation infrastructure refers more to an aspect

that is quite important in the transportation system. In

addition, transportation can also be a key strategy for

increasing competitiveness in countries because it

provides access to markets for resources and labor

[15]. Trading facilities that include hard and soft

infrastructure such as examples of bank hard

infrastructure on capital-based transportation assets

such as railways, ports, airports, and roads are

components of the quality of hard infrastructure that

provide sufficient evidence of contribution to the

increase in trading activities [16], [32]. soft

infrastructure transportation which includes various

components such as environmental policies and

border procedures also provides a form of significant

impact on the development of transportation trade

activities, indeed providing an opportunity for foreign

market competition [30]. Indeed, in a fairly

competitive environment like this, increased

transportation from the infrastructure side will

produce quite optimal results [16]. For example, when

a country's quality measurement is said to be low in

terms of its infrastructure, this needs to be compared

with the conditions of competitors who are involved

in other international trade activities.

H3: trade transport facilities mediate the influence

between transport infrastructure and trade.

2.4 Trade facilities, trade, and productivity

Trade can be considered as an activity to provide

barter in the form of goods or services between

countries and this is an important component of an

economy. In addition, state income can also be

increased through this international trade activity

[15]. Broadly speaking trade represents economic

conditions [6]. Prosperous conditions but in particular

the effects of the industrial revolution on the effect of

doubling trade have welcomed several impacts,

including increased production and consumption.

into the global market and it is hoped that this

strategy will be able to bring about an increase in SME

trade [19]. No definition is formal enough to define

the concept of trade facilities but this concept is

subject to every perspective or contact from

stakeholders in practice [1], [6], [7]. However, there

are some similarities in the actual definition, for

example, the international chamber of commerce

defines trade as a trade facilitator as a package of

actions to assist to reduce bureaucracy in the region.

Meanwhile, the WTO defines trade facilitation as a

simplification of modernization and harmonization in

an export and import process. [28], determines the

main objective of an act of trade facilitation is to make

trade outside borders faster, more predictable, low

cost, reducing barriers and procedural problems and

others that arise, expected to smooth the flow of

goods in international trade. In addition, trade

measurements often use the aggregate ratio of exports

accumulat

ed with imports to the value of the gross

domestic product as an indicator of trade openness or

globalization. [12], [33]. Can be used to explain why

countries can trade more through a variety of specific

Identifications and measures. In particular, there is

little consideration of logistics and transportation

infrastructure in the facilitated study of a trade facility

as a selected indicator. Based on the above arguments,

the following hypothesis can be drawn

H4: trade facilities have a positive effect on trade

the higher the trade facilities the higher the trade

H5: trade has a positive effect on productivity the

higher the trade the higher the productivity

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The design of this study uses a quantitative research

design with a structural study methodology adopted

by using samples from 34 provinces in Indonesia to

test the models in this study. This research is an ex

post facto and cross-sectional study that uses

secondary data for various provincial levels in

Indonesia from 2017 to 2021. Data was collected from

various sources from the Central Bureau of Statistics.

The variable measurements in this study are shown in

the same direction for the same numerical position.

Ratio variables such as trade-related gross regional

domestic product would be converted to Napier

logarithms to standardize the results. The number of

samples was accumulated from the number of

provinces in Indonesia multiplied by 5 years from the

cross-sectional period, obtaining a sample of about 5

times 34, totaling 170 samples.

4 DISCUSSION

Figure 1. Source: Results of the 2022 research study

524

Table 1. Model Fit Test

________________________________________________

Goodness of Cut-off Cut-off value

fit indices value of the Results

________________________________________________

X² (Chi-Square) Expected small 87.29

Significant Probability ≥ 0,05 0,02

CMIN/DF ≤ 2,00 69

RMSEA ≤ 0,08 0,04

GFI ≥ 0,90 0,941

TLI ≥ 0,95 0,973

CFI ≥ 0,95 0,969

________________________________________________

Source of the results of the 2022 research study

Structural equation based on variance (SEM) is the

model used by researchers, namely SEM of least

squares, to analyze the data in this study by including

formally measured constructs with a value of 0.03 <

RMSEA < 0.08, and although the GFI, TLFI, and CFI

figures show a value less than 0.9, there is no problem

with modeling, as described in the table. The test

results show that the fit criteria have been fulfilled as

indicated by the Chi-Square value of 127.89 and the

probability value of 0.03. Both assumptions are

complete. TLI score = 0.973, GFI = 0.902, CFI = 0.969,

and RMSEA = 0.04 which indicates that the score

meets the specified requirements. This means that the

research model is accepted and meets predetermined

criteria.

4.1 Validity and Reliability Test

Testing research data using [34]Structural Equation

Modeling with the AMOS program. This approach is

carried out by testing the parameters resulting from

good fit and directly testing the hypothesis about the

causality relationship developed in the validity and

reliability testing criteria model if the loading factor

value is > 0.6 then the indicator is said to be invalid

and vice versa if the Cronbach alpha value is > 0 .6 is

said to be valid. This can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Validity and Reliability Test

________________________________________________

Variable & Indicator Std. Convergent Construct

estimate Validity-AVE reliability

________________________________________________

1. Quality of Transportation Infrastructure [7], [8], [28], [34], [35]

Road Quality 0.906 0.874 0.879

Port Quality 0.887

Airport Quality 0.911

Railway Quality 0.884

2. Trade Facility [6], [8], [16], [28], [36]

Irregular payments to bribes 0.891 0.848 0.893

Tariff complexity 0.883

Government policy making 0.901

Beacukai procedures 0.806

Prevalence of trade barriers 0.894

Openness to foreign markets 0.917

Technology absorption 0.903

3. Trade [34], [37]–[40]

Export 0.805 0.845 0.829

Imported 0.814

4. Productivity [34], [37]–[40]

Gross domestic product 0.861 0.809 0.814

________________________________________________

Source Results of the 2022 research study

The next step is to test the hypothesis for the clause

relationship between variables using the criterion CR-

Critical ratio equal to or greater than 2.0 [41]. Then

tested the empirical analysis model (output model).

The outer model is a model that determines the

relationship between latent constructs and indicators.

In other words, the hypothesis defines how each

indicator relates to other latent constructs, as

described in Table 3

Table 3. Hypothesis Testing Results

________________________________________________

Hypotheses Estimate Critical SE Pvalue Results

Ratio (=0,005)

________________________________________________

H1: Quality of 0.46 3.285 0.37 0.00 Received

Transportation

Infrastructure →

Trade Facilities

H2: Quality of 0.58 2.998 0.41 0.00 Received

Transportation

Infrastructure →

Trade

H3: Quality of Z=5. 68201 0.00 Received

Transport

Infrastructure →

Trade Facilities →

Trade

H4:Trade Facility → 0.43 3.128 0.39 0.00 Received

Trade

H5: Trade → 0.59 2.993 0.45 0.00 Received

Productivity

________________________________________________

H1. The quality of transportation infrastructure

affects trade facilities. The structural path findings

show that there is a significant relationship between

the quality of transportation infrastructure and trade

facilities (t = 3.285 > 2.0) with a significance value (0.00

<0.05). Therefore, Hypothesis 1 is accepted.

H2. The quality of transportation infrastructure

affects trade. The structural path findings show that

there is a significant relationship between the quality

of transportation and trade infrastructure (t = 2.998 >

2.0) with a significance value (0.00 <0.05). Therefore,

Hypothesis 3 is accepted.

H3. Trade facilities mediate the influence between

the quality of transportation infrastructure on trade,

this can be shown from the z value of the Sobel test

results of Z = 5.68201 and the p-value <0.05

H4. Trade facilities affect trade. The structural path

findings show that there is a significant relationship

between trade and trading facilities (t = 3.128 > 2.0)

with a significance value (0.00 <0.05). Therefore,

Hypothesis 4 is accepted.

H5: trade affects productivity. The structural path

findings show that there is a significant relationship

between trade and productivity (t = 2.993 > 2.0) with a

significance value (0.00 <0.05). Therefore, Hypothesis

5 is accepted.

Quality of transport infrastructure and trade

facilities The quality of transport infrastructure has a

fundamental value and has a large influence on

trading activities. This has been investigated by

previous researchers such as [25], [28]. In particular,

airport quality road quality and low quality but is a

sufficiently suitable asset that can relate and become

quite an important requirement to make our

deliveries on time as Is my determination air which

handles various valuable goods shipments in a timely.

While roads and railroads will focus on the

distribution of miles. However, Port quality can be

considered as a sector that has quite a value related to

quality with transportation. Because the Port will be

able to provide a connection that 80% of trade in the

world is handled through international ports. The

525

large market demand has given the opinion that the

occurrence of trade exchanges is very dependent on

the efficiency and quality of sea transportation so the

quality of port infrastructure is expected to be a very

important sector for developing countries from the

data above the quality of long-distance transportation

infrastructure and can provide a significant influence

to trade activities as a component of trade facilities.

This is in line with research conducted which proves

that the quality of port infrastructure and

measurement of trade facilities in. Origin and

destination should be considered jointly.[5], [28], the

quality of port infrastructure and measurement of

trade facilities. Origin and destination must have

sufficiently accurate considerations together. Thus the

quality of transportation products and trade facility

reform is indispensable for international trade where

the effect on transportation is directed to have

linearity.

Transport has a positive effect on trade facilities

and has been investigated by previous researchers.

This suggests that empirical evidence from previous

researchers became the basis for the classification of

this study [28]. In particular, the quality of railroads

airports, and port facilities are quite important and

very relevant assets that can connect regions with

certain requirements for the timeliness of delivery of

goods. This can be seen as the existence of air cargo

transportation that can handle goods that are quite

valuable in demanding fast delivery. [42]. While

railroads have a focus on overland miles and provide

a fairly smooth contribution to land transportation

[15], the quality of ports can be considered quite

valuable in terms of quality. in the transport

document. It is guessed This is because 80% of world

trade uses international ports [11]. The demand that

makes trade growth will depend heavily on the

constant efficiency of the quality of shipping ports

from several regions which have been shown with the

Port option being the most optimal [15]. The need will

be able to take advantage of access from neighboring

ports. However, the quality of Port infrastructure has

a fairly fundamental domain for developing countries.

International trade has been proven to be able to

demonstrate the productivity of a country's

development. This has been stated by various

previous researchers such as [43]. Exports of goods

and imports of semi-finished goods or capital goods

are quite relevant as an example of the productivity of

various provinces in Indonesia regardless of the size

of the province. Trade has a significant influence on

productivity. This will support the value of gross

domestic product productivity based on the level of

extensive income from exports and imports that has a

positive and significant effect on the value of a trade

which will lead to a fairly strong interest in oriented

which will be able to push exports towards quite

optimal growth. Various empirical evidence has

shown that an increase in imports of semi-finished

goods and capital goods will be able to reduce the

value of trade, even though this happens is a result

that cannot be postponed and it is quite surprising

that there is a link between trade and activity.

The export performance will be considered to have

a fundamental side that shows the best export

performance compared to imports. This interpretation

seems careful because the impact of imports in this

study is not convincing, but apart from imports of

intermediate goods and technology-related capital

goods that are having engagement and an abundance

of knowledge can improve company operations

where the urgency of imports can be substituted

locally [44], [45]. when imports may be related to

increased state participation in a production process

and differences related to the import content of

exports of manufactured goods [9]. Therefore, various

possibilities for provinces in Indonesia are expected to

increase imports of semi-finished goods and capital

goods so that they can increase their productivity as

suggested by the data containing various assumptions

that the allocation of resources that will have accuracy

will be able to increase the strength of ITF local

demand. In addition, participation in the global

market and structural changes in the value chain

shows an increase in terms of company efficiency. It

will be noted that it is expected to be able to increase

considerable benefits towards increasing people's

purchasing power [13].

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH

IMPLICATIONS

The scientific investigation carried out in this study

seeks to expand the literature review on the

productivity of a province in integrating various

components of international trade such as the quality

of transportation infrastructure, trade facilities and

trade. the productivity of a country the various

multidisciplinary approaches in this study have

provided an echo for the adoption of various

theoretical perspectives which are quite different but

provide roots for the social capital literature which

recognizes the importance of a network concept. The

literature included in this study provides evidence

and academic implementation related to

strengthening the theory of resource-based theory in

providing a resource allocation and network of

stakeholder theory to provide different and

interdependent emphases on each different actor. In

addition, the theory of resource dependence also

provides relevance to access to resources when faced

with trading activities. The measurement of trade

facilities which are quite relevant in this study is

expected to be able to provide comprehensive benefits

and have variations according to the needs of each

province. this consideration is not only sufficient to be

used in inter-provincial considerations but must

involve an understanding of trade needs in a country

where there is an attractive compressibility, for

example, this will provide a form of reduction to the

economy from the income side because it will enhance

the level of income so that participation in trade

assistance programs is sufficient is shown to exist to

help with this.

However, several provinces are lagging in

government transparency, such as the quality of

transportation infrastructure, logistics performance,

and customs procedures. It is hoped that there will be

an identification of opportunities that can be

inhibited, especially when some of these economies

can experience a transition from an agriculture-based

economy to an industrial approach, efforts to facilitate

526

sustainable trade are expected to be able to reduce the

various prices between exported and imported goods

Middle-finished and goods capital so that it will

provide a sufficiently competitive increase in

opportunities for developing countries to lead to the

concept of industrialization. Simultaneously the

company can provide an import for production in the

Global value chain network which is expected to have

a lot of research successfully proving various

combinations of resources and allocations owned by a

province appropriately to support the economic

productivity of a country Therefore fast

implementation and The full stakeholder approach is

expected to be able to have a multidisciplinary

concept of understanding because it is expected to be

able to improve and carry out the efficiency of trade

exchanges based on public planning and

transportation management.

5.1 Theoretical Implications

Theoretically, this research has contributed to the

development of basic theories in economics, for

example, the theory of resource-based theory and

stakeholder theory. The stakeholder theory aspect of

this study provides a fairly holistic view of the

concept of public management. which is global.

Greater participation, in this case, is the private sector

as a logistics provider which is expected to be able to

increase investment from the capital side provided by

the government. The second contribution of this

research to academics is to become a concept of

thinking scientifically about the factors that trade

crosses in the economy and opportunities to broaden

understanding of country productivity in this case

this research will be able to provide an academic

recommendation in integrating academic fields such

as engineering management economics and

Commercial Shipping Science in postgraduate schools

it is expected that students can provide a form of

understanding of the reality of the existence of a form

of vision and views that are quite broad as well as the

complexity of the international market.

5.2 Practical Implications

At the practical or user level, this research provides

recommendations for policy actors, in this case, the

government or maybe company leaders. This research

provides a form of practical recommendations for the

implications that are quite broad for leaders in

companies and the government. First, related to a

large enough interest to have a form of participation

in the global market. carried out on an international

and regional scope. This reality requires a form of

focusing attention on various components that have

quite a variety of complexities from various sectors,

not only components provided exclusively by a state

or government but also an increase in service

networks in various provinces to increase the

possibility of businesses in reducing resource costs

and inventory. Opportunities and input substitution

can also arise and this should be a concern for

corporate and government leaders in maximizing

local and foreign resources to support a vertical

Global value chain. So it can be assumed that the

company is expected to be able to increase the

possibility of making operational plans at the short-

term level and be able to provide various concepts of

flexibility which are expected to be able to develop

strategies and implement them at the last time. In

addition, company leaders are expected to decide

what to produce and what goods will flow across

borders between provinces or between countries. The

government is expected to provide a form of the

decision in terms of motivational encouragement so

that it can implement ways of trade facilities directed

at every decision made by companies that will be able

to influence a form of network in a country to be

affected, including for end customers.

6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE

RESEARCH AGENDA

This study has various limitations both partially and

holistically related to the results presented as the basis

for statistical analysis. Various investigations have

been argued to provide a form of limitation in this

study, including research in this study focused on

several basic components in the concept of trade

between countries, but this review is more

emphasized on a micro scale, this adopts regional

areas. The basic component of trade is expected to be

able to increase the productivity of a country, but

various integration of other components such as the

quality of education should also be expected to be a

contribution to understanding this concept. the

existence of the province of the center can be

measured through the level of export import of a

resource that has been made available to the public

and this will be a measure of the level of trade

produced by each Province of NTT even though it is

aligned with data from the Central Bureau of Statistics

and other companies related companies that

contributed from secondary data but there are various

reasons for distrust related to understanding the

potential of each province in depth. So ideally a

comparison based on the stage of development will be

able to provide a progressive strategy that is able to

provide challenges to answer the country's needs in a

comprehensive manner. Furthermore, there is no form

of investigation in this study that tries to analyze the

effects of transportation infrastructure, trade facilities

and models on trading volume using a complex form

of relationship so that this will become a form of

controversy. The results in this study are limited by

the existence of research results. quite the contrast.

The future research agenda can be carried out in

the form of providing recommendations on spatial

studies to provide a focus on trade facilities in the

form of formulating an appropriate strategy. In

addition, factor analysis is needed to assess progress

on the trade side in the concept of facilities, especially

in provinces that have low income levels and are

categorized as developing groups. Further studies are

also expected to be able to encourage the existence of

a form of prevention of bribe payments in

conservation and trade that will be able to prevent

corruption from a productivity standpoint, it is hoped

that there will be a comprehensive form of

investigation related to differences in the

identification of provinces that are either developed

527

or poor in terms of the performance of transportation

infrastructure, we can carry out a form of research on

the impact on activity effectiveness individuals who

use airport commodities. In addition, various forms of

longitudinal studies are also needed that are able to

use performance indicators of productivity and

modes of transportation in the form of secondary

data.

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