145
1 INTRODUCTION
Intoday’ssocietytwolargesocialgroupsofmenand
womenareengagedinthesphereofsocialandlabour
relations. They have their own economic interests,
work at the enterprises and receive appropriate
remunerationfortheirservice.Traditionally,thereisa
lowproportionofwomenwith
respecttothegeneral
number of qualified seafarers onboard. Therefore,
taking into account a number of critical issues and
current events related to seafarers’ recruitment, the
question of women seafarers’ employment and
genderaspectsreferringtothisareessential. Despite
the Ukrainian recognition of basic international
documents in the sphere of
gender equality as
compulsory, establishment of the non‐discrimination
based on gender principle at constitutional level,
adoption of a special law on enforcement of equal
rightsand opportunitiesofmen andwomen as well
as creation of corresponding institutional guarantees
in this sphere in Ukraine, the issue of women’s
recruitment
and employment on vessels under the
Legal Principles and Guarantees of Realisation
of Gender Equality in the Labour and Social Sphere
O.Shemiakin,N.Krestovska,V.Torskiy,A.Ivanova&O.Кostyria
NationalUniversity“OdessaMaritimeAcademy”,Odessa,Ukraine
ABSTRACT: An employment of women‐seafarers and related gender aspects are important in future
developmentofmodernshipping.Atthesametime,specificationofmaritimeshippingimposestraditionally
low proportion of women in relation tothe total number of qualified seafarers on ships. Equality
issues in
maritimeshippingarenotonlylimitedtoequalitybetweenwomenandmen,butalsoencompassessituations
withvessel’soperationissuesandrelatedworkingrelationship.
Thepurposeofthisarticleistodefinethetasksandtrendsofinternationallegalprovisionofgenderequality’s
improvement in practice plane on
the basis of international law and current Ukraine’s legislation, scientific
developments,domesticandforeignexperience.
TheUNConvention ontheEliminationof AllForms of DiscriminationagainstWomen (1979) and thebasic
internationallegalinstrumentsandagreementscontainingstandardsofequalitybetweenwomenandmenoffer
member states a policy of
eliminating discrimination and requiring the introduction of a range of
antidiscriminationmeasures.InternationalorganizationssuchastheIMOandtheILOpaygreatattentiontothe
importanceofgenderequalityissuesonmerchantships.OneoftheILOʹsfundamentalinternationalstandardis
gender equality, which must be ensured by
both of the stateand the social partners, such as workersʹ and
employersʹorganizations.Hence,ILOapproachesinensuringgenderequalityareveryimportantinmaritime
shipping.
Conductedresearchongenderequality,includingequalitybetweenmenandwomeninthemerchantshipping
industry,demonstratesapositivecorrelationinrightsandachievements
forwomen,insocial,economicand
politicalareas.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 18
Number 1
March 2024
DOI:10.12716/1001.18.01.14
146
flag of Ukraine or other countries as well as
observationofgenderequalitywhileworkallocation
andperformanceofdutiesonboardremainsrelevant
both for Ukraine and world maritime community in
whole.
2 МЕTHODOLOGY
This article is aimed to identify the state and
determinethe tasksandtrends of
internationallegal
supportforgenderequalityimprovementinpractical
terms on the basis of international law and current
legislationofUkraine,scientificdevelopmentsaswell
as domestic and foreign experience. To reach this
goal, the system of general scientific and special
methods of legal phenomena and processes research
was applied.
Methodological basis of the article
consists of analysis and synthesis, historical and
system‐structuralanalysismethods.Theoretical basis
of the article consists of scientific research and
international law dedicated to the improvement of
gender equality in the field of merchant shipping
which are performed in three main areas:
development of research
methodology to define the
concept of gender equality; creation of theoretical
groundsforestablishmentofcleartasksinthesphere
of gender equality which are subject to the
assessment; as well as practical implementation of
effective ways and means of application of
international standards, developed by the United
Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organisation and European Institute for Gender
Equality. The works of the theoreticians such as
HaponМ., Glopen S., LevchenkoК., LvovaО. etc.
werereferredto.
2.1 Establishmentofgenderequalityprincipleinthe
sphereofsocialandlabourrelations
In modern democratic societies the issue of
reconciling
professional and family life of men and
women as well as providing them with the
opportunitytoexercisetheirequal rightsbothinthe
labourandanyotherspheresofsocialdevelopmentis
proclaimedasoneofthebasiccomponentsinsolving
socialproblems.
It has long been thought that
there are no socio‐
economic restrictions on the inclusion of men and
women in the sphere of social and labour relations,
butthereareonlybiologicaldifferencesbetweenthe
genders, which cannot but are reflected in the
functions they perform in social production.
However,inthesecondhalfoftheXX
century,under
the influence of democratic transformations, which
werecarriedoutinmostdevelopedcountriesatthat
time, it was discovered that there were numerous
forms gender‐based discrimination in social and
labourrelations.Moreover,therewasanopinionthat
womenarethemostvulnerablesocialgroup,whichis
more
likely to face various forms of discrimination,
especiallyinthesocialandlaboursphere,thanmen.
This conclusion became the stepping stone for the
development of certain mechanisms of establishing
and ensuring gender equality by international
organizations and governments of the developed
countries.
Theequality“inmostofcasesisconsidered
tobe
anequalitybeforethelaw,andatthesametimeitis
believed that the laws which do not provide for
differencesbetweenpeoplearebasedontheideasof
equality” (Levchenko, 2019, p. 71). Gender equality
standsforanequallegalstatusofmenandwomenas
well as equal opportunities for its realisation which
allowspeopleofbothgenderstoparticipateequallyin
all spheres of society. In general, “gender” is a
multifaceted concept which expresses the essence of
the problem of ensuring gender‐based equality in
labourrelationsprettyaccurately.Thisconceptisnot
only legal,
but also a social one which indicates a
social status as well as social and psychological
characteristicsofaperson.
A number of modern Ukrainian scientists define
the term “gender” as a holistic system (more
accurately–acomplexinterconnection)ofinteractions
and relations which form the basis of social
connections. This system can be characterized as a
stablebutchangeableatthesametime.Itisabasisfor
stratification(socialdifferentiation)ofmodernsociety
basedongenderandhierarchyofitsrepresentatives.
It is precisely this modern model of relations and
social connections system which is deeply rooted in
thecultureandallowstoformanideaabout“male”
and “female” as categories of social order, to
empowersomepeople(men,asarule)andapplythe
principleofsubordinationtoothers(women).
In the westernworld, theissuesof “masculinity”
has been addressed to not only by the
scientists‐
theoreticians but also practicians of difference
scientific schools and directions (Pleck, Sonenstrin,
1993, p. 85‐110). Some researches define the idea of
malebehaviourinthesocialcultureasanideologyof
courage.Thisideaisnothingmorethanasetofsocial
norms also known as the male gender
role
“…Manhood does not bubble up to consciousness
from a biological makeup, it is created in culture”
(Kimmel,1994,p.120).
At another point, Maria Hapon in her scientific
work “Gender in the humanitarian discourse:
philosophical and psychological analysis” states that
“the history of gender reflects the history of social
culture” (Hapon M., 2002, p. 273), and mentions “a
traditional way of description of male‐female issues
wherethefemaleispassive, natural,private,butthe
male is active, spiritual. Thus, the cultural and the
universal cannot explain specific features of female
subjectivenessofhistoricalfemaleimages”(HaponN.,
2002,p.
273).
Therefore, a traditional way of description of a
society based on gender and hierarchy of its
representativesincreasestheriskofgenderperception
exceptionallyfromtheperspectiveofstereotypesand
lossofindividuality.
Inaddition,the use ofstereotypesfordescription
of men and women is very common in
the media,
newscast etc. In the frameworks of the European
Council project on strengthening of media freedom
and creation of Public broadcasting system in
Ukraine,ithasbeennotedthat“Inallthemedia,there
isatendencytowardsmalepredominanceandfemale
147
invisibility,theassignmentofcertainpredefinedroles
to each gender,... The effects of such messages on
public perceptions of the roles assigned to women
andmeninsocietyaredramaticandactasacheckon
the emancipation of women.” (Gender equality
commission,2013,p.7).
Defining the principle of
gender equality, we
should agree with Kateryna Levchenko who defines
the concept of gender equality in all spheres of the
socialdevelopmentas“anidealofsocialandpolitical
development which implies: formal equality (legal
equality which is recognized by law); equality of
opportunities(providingacertainsocio‐demographic
groupwith
a certain legal advantageto create equal
conditionswithothergroupsatthestart);equalityof
the result (targeted elimination of obstacles for
competing parties which can be caused by
discriminationwhichtookplacebefore)”(Levchenko,
2019,p.91).
2.2 Internationallegalgroundsofgenderequality
Thetendencyofinternational
communitytoimprove
worldwideandsystematicregulationinthesphereof
socio‐economicdevelopmentindifferentcountriesas
well as measurementof gender differencesinaccess
to the range of opportunities and resources in a
particular country, have led to creation and
establishmentofinternationalstandardsinthissphere
byinternational
legalmeansattheinternationallevel.
Amongbasicinternationallegalactsandagreements
containingthestandardsofequalitybetweenmenand
womenthefollowingonescanbedistingu ished:The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the
International Covenant on Economic, Civic and
Cultural rights (1966),theInternationalCovenant on
Civil
and Political Rights (1966р), which form the
CharterofHumanRightsandFreedoms;Declaration
ontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen
(Resolution№2263 (ХХІІ) the UNGA, 1967),
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
DiscriminationagainstWomen(theUNResolution№
34/180, 1979), Declaration on the Elimination of
Violence
againstWomen(Resolution№48/104,1993).
The UN Convention on the Elimination of all
forms of Discrimination against Women offers The
States Parties to pursue a policy of eliminating
discrimination against women and women and
enforces the following requirements for the
implementation of number of events aimed at
combating discrimination against
women: “to
embody the principle of the equality of men and
women in their national constitutions or other
appropriate legislation to ensure, through law and
other appropriate means, the practical realization of
this principle” (art.2, p.a); to eliminate gender
prejudices, i.e. “to modify the social and cultural
patternsofconductof
menandwomen,withaview
to achieving the elimination of prejudices and
customaryandallotherpracticeswhicharebasedon
theideaoftheinferiorityorthesuperiorityofeitherof
the genders or on stereotyped roles for men and
women” (art.5, p.a); “to eliminate any stereotyped
concept
ofthe roles ofmen and womenat all levels
and in all forms of education by encouraging
coeducationandothertypesofeducationwhichwill
help to achieve this aim and, in particular, by the
revisionoftextbooksandschoolprogrammesandthe
adaptationofteachingmethod”(art.10,p.с.).
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms (1953) prohibits any
discriminationand ensures that rights and freedoms
shall be secured without discrimination on any
ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin,
association with a national minority, property, birth
orotherstatus(art.14).
EuropeanSocialCharter(1996)implementsanon‐
discrimination principle (part V, art.Е) and ensures
the effective exercise of the right to equal
opportunities and equal treatment in matters of
employment and occupation without discrimination
onthegroundsofgender(PartІІ,art.20).European
Social
Charteralsoensurestheeffectiveexerciseofthe
right of all workers to protection of their dignity at
work, promotes awareness, information and
prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace
(partІІ,art.26,p.1,).
CouncilofEuropeConventiononpreventingand
combating violence against women and domestic
violence, 2011
(Istanbul Convention) requires that
States Parties shall develop “teaching material on
issues such as equality between women and men,
non‐stereotyped gender roles, mutual respect, non‐
violent conflict resolution in interpersonal
relationships, gender‐based violence against women
andthe rightto personalintegrity” (art.14, p.1),and
take the necessary steps to
promote these principles
“inthemedia”.(art.14,p.2).Alltheabove‐mentioned
international standards create an international legal
andmoralgroundworkofmodernworldcommunity
andabasisfortheformationofunitaryglobalgender
policy. Researchers in the field of international law
consider that the main contribution of the
above‐
mentionedinternationalstandardstotheregulationof
societyisproclamationoffundamentalhumanrights
as widely recognized principles and regulations of
international law which shall be enshrined in the
legislationofeverycivilizedcountry.
Genderissuesinthesphereofmaritimeshipping
are no tonly limited by the problem of
ensuringthe
genderequality betweenmen andwomen butcover
thesituationsaimedatregulationoflabourrelations
arising in the sphere of merchant shipping and
connected to discrimination. Despite the
achievementsoftheworldcommunityinthefieldof
gender equality, womenʹs participation in merchant
shippingis still
low.All seafarers,especially women
seafarers, needa special statusandprotectioninthe
following matters: work conditions, safety of work,
social protection, remuneration, repatriation and
healthcare.Theseissuesareaddressedbya number
of internationalorganizations, amongwhich the key
rolebelongstotheInternationalLabourOrganization
(ILO).
In
2019theILOcelebrateditscentenarytakinginto
accountthechangeswhen“theworldistransformed
under the influence of technical and technological
innovations, democratic changes, global climate
change.Alloftheabove‐mentionedfactorsaffectthe
natureandfutureoflabouraswellasthenatureand
148
place of men and women in the global labour
markets” (Levchenko, 2019, p. 252). The ILO was
founded in 1919 as the specialized institution of the
LeagueofNations and as theUN structureafterthe
World War. It was aimed at the reduction of social
injustice in the
world by improving the working
conditionsofallworkers.
Nowadays,185countrieshavingdifferentformsof
government and levels of socio‐economic
development are members of the ILO. Ukraine has
been a member of the ILO since 12 May 1954. The
ILO’s strategic objectives are promotion of the
implementationoffundamental
principlesandrights
atwork,creationofgreateropportunitiesforwomen
and men to decent employment and income,
enhancementoftheeffectiveness ofsocial protection
forall population segments as well as strengthening
the principle of tripartite within governments, trade
unionsandemployers(thetripartiteprinciple)which
havethesame
righttovotewhileformingthepolicy
andprogrammeofthisOrganizationaswellassocial
dialogue.
Through the adoption of conventions and
recommendations the ILO establishes international
standards in the sphere of labour regarding
employment, professional training, working
conditions, social security, safety of work and
healthcare. These standards are specified
in the
following ILO Conventions: Freedom of Association
andProtection ofthe Right toOrganise Convention,
1948 (No. 87), Right to Organise and Collective
Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) , Abolition of
ForcedLabourConvention,1957(No.105)etc.
Furthermore, one of the ILO fundamental
internationalstandardsisgenderequality
whichshall
be ensured by the government as well as social
partners i.e. workers’ organisations and employers.
This ILO approach in ensuring gender equality is
essential.
The following ILO Conventions aimed at
regulationoflabourrelationsinanysphereenshrine
the basic principles of ensuring the gender equality
standard:EqualRemuneration
Convention,1951(No.
100), Workers with Family Responsibilities
Convention, 1981 (No. 156), Maternity Protection
Convention,2000(No.183),NightWorkConvention,
1990 (No. 171), Domestic Workers Convention, 2011
(No.189).
In general, the ILOʹs attitude to the issue of
women’s rights has changed over the past century
together with
its approaches evolving in line with
social demands and global progress. The ILO
Convention on Maritime Labour, 2006 is one of the
fundamental modern international standards which
enshrines the gender equality principle in merchant
shipping. It was adopted at the 94th (Maritime)
Session of the International Labour Convention in
2006covers
almostallissuesrelatedtothesettlement
of labour relations arising in the field of merchant
shippingandprovidesbothanti‐discriminationpolicy
and promotion of gender equality in the sphere of
maritimelabour.
Theroleofinternationalconventions,declarations
andresolutions in ensuringadherence tothe gender
equalityprinciple
inthefieldofmaritimeshippingis
indisputable.However,itisnecessarytonotethatthe
roleofthejudicialsysteminensuringsocialjusticein
thesphereoflabor,andespeciallyseafarers’labour,is
alsosignificant.Judicialsystemactsasaguardianof
thelawandhasanessentialrole
intheeliminationof
injusticescausedbysocio‐economic,political,cultural
orotherfactors.
The uniqueness of the judicial authorities “in
ensuringtheimplementationofgenderequalityisdue
to the fact that, unlikethe legislative body, they are
meant to be the tools for ensuring human rights,
creationof
aspacewhereideasanddiverseinterests
of soc ial groups can be expressed” (Gargarella,
Domingo, Theunis, 2006,р.35). Lawand justice can
help people to accumulate their talents and to open
the opportunities for its realization, to make certain
resourcesavailableandtousetheirguaranteedrights.
They provide people
with an opportunity to act as
free, autonomous participants in public relations in
themodernworld.
As an example of the implementation of gender
equality in the field of merchant shipping, we can
refer to the decision of the UN Committee on the
Eliminationof Discriminationagainst Women in the
caseofSvetlanaMedvedevav.RussianFederationas
of February 25, 2016. The decision of the UN
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
againstWomeninthecaseofSvetlanaMedvedevav.
RussianFederationofFebruary25,2016isanexample
oftheimplementationofgenderequalityinthefield
of
merchantshipping.SvetlanaMedvedevawashired
as a motor driver at the Samara River Passenger
Enterprise,andafterawhilewasdismissedfromher
positionwiththeexplanationthattheconclusionofan
employment contract with her contradicted Art. 253
of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and
Government
Resolution No. 162, which lists
professions prohibited for women (among the
prohibitedprofessionsistheworkofamotordriver),
however,thesaidResolutionstatesthattheemployer
may decide to use the labor of a woman in a
prohibited position if safe working conditions are
created for this purpose. In
the court hearing, she
referred to the provisions of the Constitution of the
RussianFederationandtheLaborCodeoftheRussian
Federation, which guarantee gender equality, equal
treatment of men and women and prohibit gender
discrimination in labor relations. But her claim was
rejected.Inturn,thedecisionof
theUNCommitteeon
the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
ruled that a general prohibition that applies to all
women,regardlessoftheirage,maritalstatus,ability
or desire to have children, constitutes a violation of
rights ... women have the same employment
opportunitiesandfreedomtochoosetheirprofession
and
placeofworkasmen.
In recent years, consolidation of the gender
equalityprincipleinthemaritimespherehasbecome
a topical issue at the IMO conferences. The IMO
initiateditsgenderprogrammeasfarbackas1988.In
2019theIMOandWorldMaritimeUniversityworked
together to raise
awareness of the importance of
genderequalitythroughtheEmpoweringWomenin
theMaritimeCommunityCampaignwhichlaunched
a series of events on women’s contribution to the
maritimesector.
149
2.3 Promotion,contradictionsandconsequencesofgender
equalityinUkraine
Practical implementation of the gender equality
principle in each country shall be ensured by the
normsofnationallegislation.Itshouldbementioned
that Ukraine has ratified the main international and
Europeaninstrumentswhichensuregenderequality,
suchas
theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsof
1948,theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,Social
and Cultural Rights of 1966, and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, The
Convention forthe Protection ofHuman Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against
Women and others. Ukraine has signed the
Convention on the Prevention and Combating of
Violence against Women and Domestic Violence
(IstanbulConvention).
The legislative process of ensuring equal rights
andopportunitiesforwomenandmeninUkraineis
stillrelevanttoday,even15yearsaftertheadoptionof
the
Law of Ukraine “OnEnsuring Equal Rights and
OpportunitiesforWomenandMen”.TheArticle1of
this Law states that gender equality foresees equal
conditionsfortherealizationofequalrightsofwomen
andmenandabsenceofanygender‐basedrestrictions
or privileges. The legal basis for the process
of
ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women
andmenistheprovisionsthatwomenʹsrightsarean
integralpartofuniversalhumanrights,asenshrined
in the above‐mentioned international standards.
LvovaO.L.mentionsthattoensurearealequality“…
thebodyoflegislationhasclearunambiguous
lawsas
wellasevidence‐basedunambiguousterminologyfor
ensuring the rights of men and women which does
not pose a threat to national security, and the
provisionsofwhicharesufficientforlegalregulation
ofthesespheresofpublicrelations”(Lviv,2018,p.66).
Moreover,theworldexperienceprovesthat
“…ifwe
donotmentionwomenassubjects‐holdersofrights,
it can lead to non‐recognition of equality between
womenandmenandactuallyconsolidatesinequality,
especially at the stage of law enforcement and
realizationofrightsʺ(Levchenko,2019,p.85).
In the legislation of Ukraine, the basic rights
of
women andmen are formulated in Section II of the
Constitution of UkraineʺRights, freedoms and
responsibilities of man and citizenʺ. National
legislation of Ukraine also establishes and provides
for the following: every citizen‐both men and
women‐hasthefullrangeofsocio‐economic,political
and personal rights
and freedoms, as proclaimed in
Article 24 of the Constitution of Ukraine. The
peculiarity of this Article of the Constitution of
Ukraine, which ensures gender equality, is that the
rightofwomenandmentoequalitybeforethelawis
emphasized among the rights and freedoms. This
rightisan
independentfundamentalrightofaperson,
which shall be guaranteed to every person; the
Constitution of Ukraine enshrines the equal right of
menandwomentoprotecthisorherlifeandhealth
(Article 27), to health protection and medical care
(Article 49), to labour and free choice of labour
activity
(Article 43), to rest and social protection
(Article45,Article46).
The legislation of Ukraine clearly defines such
concepts as gender equality, discrimination, direct
discrimination, indirect discrimination, etc. The Law
of Ukraine “On Ensuring Equal Rights and
Opportunities for Women and Men” establishes the
definition of such concepts as gender‐
based
discrimination and gender equality. Gender‐based
discriminationisdefinedasasituationwhenaperson
isrestrictedinrecognition,realizationoruseofrights
and freedoms or privileges in any form on the
grounds of gender, which existed, exist and can be
valid or presumed; gender equality isdefined as
an
equal legal status of women and men and equal
opportunities for its implementation, which allows
individualsofbothgenderstotakeanequalpartinall
spheresofpubliclife”(Article1).
The Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of
Prevention and Combating Discrimination of
Ukraine” defines the concept
of discrimination as
“situation in which an individual/group of
individuals is/are restricted in recognition,
implementationoruseofrightsandfreedomsinany
form on the grounds of race, colour, skin colour,
political, religious and other beliefs, gender, age,
disability,ethnicandsocialorigin,citizenship,marital
and property status, place of
residence, language or
othergroundswhichexisted,existandcanbevalidor
presumed; except for cases when such a restriction
has a legitimate, objectively justified purpose which
canbeachievedinappropriate andnecessaryways”
(p.2,Art.1).
Ukraine is taking all possible measures for the
elimination of discrimination
against women in the
sphereofemployment. The Labour Code of Ukraine
extends the guarantees of the right to non‐
discriminatory employment (Article 22), which
prohibitsunreasonablerefusaltohire,aswellasany
direct or indirect restriction of rights or the
establishment of direct or indirect benefits in
employment.
The
Law of Ukraine “On Employment” defines
specialguaranteesofourStateintherealisationofthe
rightofcitizenstowork,aswellasthelegal,economic
and organizational grounds of employment and its
protectionagainstunemployment.
AccordingtotheprovisionsoftheConstitutionof
Ukraineandcurrentlegislationof
Ukraineonhealth
caretheaccesstomedicalcareforcitizensofUkraine
isprovidedon thebasis of theequality of rights for
menandwomen.TheArticle49oftheConstitutionof
Ukraineproclaimstheprovisionoffreemedicalcare
inpublicandmunicipalhealthcarefacilitiesaswell
as
statefundingofrelevantsocio‐economic,medicaland
sanitary, health improvement and prevention
programmes.
Current legislation of Ukraine in the field of
economics approves and develops the constitutional
right of citizens (men and women) to conduct
business activity, as well as other economic activity
not prohibitedby thelaw.
The Law ofUkraine “On
Entrepreneurship” defines general legal, economic
and social principles of doing business
(entrepreneurship)bycitizensandlegalentitiesonthe
territory of Ukraine, establishes guarantees of
150
freedom of entrepreneurship and its government
support.
Thus, the Constitution of Ukraine and other
current laws of Ukraine offer a wide range of
opportunities to ensure the gender equality in
Ukraine.
In the frameworks of this research it should be
noted that the Article 161 of the Criminal Code
of
Ukraine “Violation of equality of citizens on the
ground of their race, nationality, religious beliefs,
disability and other grounds” is a very important
supplement to the provisions of the Constitution of
Ukraine on equal rights of citizens regardless of
gender. According to this Article “direct or indirect
restriction of rights
or establishment of direct or
indirectprivilegesofcitizensonthegroundsofrace,
colour, political, religious and other beliefs, gender,
disability, ethnic and social origin, property status,
place of residence, language or other grounds”
(Article 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) is
punishablebythelaw.
3 CONCLUSIONS
Nowadays the gender equality plays an important
roleinensuringsocialdevelopment.Thus,improving
the legal status of women, establishing gender
equality and forming an actual gender balance are
important aspects of social development. Positive
achievements of women in legal, social, economic
status contribute to the development of society in
general.
Our research in this area demonstrates a
positivecorrelationbetweenensuringgenderequality
in women’s rights and women’s achievements in
social,economicandpoliticalareas.
Achievement of gender equality and its
implementationin thesystem of social relationsis a
fundamentalvaluewhichdeterminesrealchangesin
theeconomic,humanitarian,
socialdimensions,andis
apowerfulreservefortheprogressofanycountry.
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