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1 INTRODUCTION
Marine pilots play a crucial role in ensuring safe
navigation of vessels in ports and waterways.
However, their work is not without risks, and the use
of innovative navigational aids can help mitigate
these risks. The adoption of these aids, however, may
be influenced by socioeconomic factors such as
education, income, and experience.
Marine pilotage is a critical aspect of the shipping
industry as it ensures the safe navigation of ships in
ports and waterways (Arslan et al., 2019). Lagos ports
in Nigeria, being one of the busiest ports in West
Africa, faces unique challenges that require special
attention to ensure the safety of the ships and
personnel involved in the operations (Oduntan &
Adebayo, 2017). The use of innovative navigational
aids has been identified as a solution to some of the
challenges faced by marine pilots in Lagos ports (Kou
et al., 2020). However, the adoption of these aids is
influenced by socioeconomic factors such as
education, experience, income, and cultural
background (Li et al., 2018).
Studies have shown that education and experience
are important predictors of risk perception and
operational risk assessments among marine pilots
(Cheng & Li, 2018; Li et al., 2018). Additionally,
income level has been found to be positively
correlated with the adoption of new technology in
various industries (Chen et al., 2020). Moreover,
cultural background has been shown to influence the
Socioeconomic Factors and Navigational Safety among
Marine Pilots in Lagos Ports
S
.B. Lawal-Fagbo, A.O. Oluwakoya & A. Ajayi-Peters
Redeemer University, Ede, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Marine transportation is a critical component of global trade and commerce, with ports serving as
key nodes for the movement of goods and people. However, navigating these ports can be hazardous, with the
potential for accidents and incidents that can lead to loss of life, environmental damage, and economic
disruption. This study investigates the impact of socioeconomic factors on the operational risk assessments and
adoption of innovative navigational aids for better safety among marine pilots in Lagos ports.
A mixed-methods approach is employed, combining surveys and interviews to collect data from a sample of
marine pilots operating in Lagos ports. The study focuses on the decision-making process of marine pilots in
high-risk environments, exploring how factors such as education level, income, and experience might influence
their risk assessments and willingness to adopt new technologies.
The study's findings have important implications for policies and programs aimed at promoting safer
navigation practices in Lagos ports and improving the overall safety of marine operations. The results can also
inform the design of training and education programs for marine pilots, as well as the development of new
technologies and tools to support safe navigation.
http://www.transnav.eu
the
International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 17
Number 4
December 2023
DOI: 10.12716/1001.17.04.
17
904
perception of risk and safety behavior in different
contexts (Li et al., 2018).
Marine pilotage operations in Lagos ports are
faced with various challenges that require special
attention to ensure the safety of ships and personnel
involved. One of the major challenges is the lack of
modern navigational aids which can lead to human
errors, collisions, groundings, and other accidents
(Kou et al., 2020). The use of innovative navigational
aids has been identified as a solution to these
challenges. However, the adoption of these aids is
influenced by socioeconomic factors that can affect the
operational risk assessments and safety behavior of
marine pilots.
One of the problems is the lack of awareness and
knowledge about the benefits of using innovative
navigational aids among marine pilots (Cheng & Li,
2018). Another problem is the cost of acquiring and
maintaining these aids, which can be a significant
barrier to their adoption, especially for pilots with
lower income levels (Chen et al., 2020, Formela et al.,
2019). Moreover, cultural background and experience
can also influence the adoption of new technology
and safety behavior among marine pilots (Li et al.,
2018).
Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact
of socioeconomic factors on the operational risk
assessments and adoption of innovative navigational
aids for better safety among marine pilots in Lagos
ports. The findings of this study will be useful in
developing policies and strategies to promote the
adoption of innovative navigational aids for safer
marine pilotage operations in Lagos ports.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Marine pilots play a critical role in ensuring the safety
of ships entering and leaving ports, and their
performance is influenced by various factors. The use
of innovative navigational aids has been identified as
a means to improve safety in marine pilotage
operations. However, the adoption of these aids is
affected by various socioeconomic factors.
One of the critical factors that affect the adoption
of innovative navigational aids is the cost. Chen et al.
(2020) found that the perceived cost of acquiring and
maintaining innovative technology can significantly
influence the adoption of the technology. Marine
pilots with lower income levels may be less likely to
adopt new technology due to financial constraints.
Another significant factor that can influence the
adoption of innovative navigational aids is the level of
awareness and knowledge about the benefits of using
the technology. Cheng and Li (2018) found that
marine pilots' risk perception and management were
influenced by their level of awareness of the benefits
of using new technology. They found that pilots with
higher levels of awareness of the benefits of using
new technology were more likely to adopt the
technology.
Cultural background and experience can also
influence the adoption of new technology and safety
behavior among marine pilots. Li et al. (2018) found
that safety culture, risk perception, and safety
performance were influenced by cultural background
and experience in Chinese shipping operations. They
found that pilots with more extensive experience in
the industry were more likely to adopt new
technology and exhibit safer behavior.
Moreover, the adoption of innovative navigational
aids in marine pilotage operations is influenced by
various socioeconomic factors, including cost,
awareness and knowledge, and cultural background
and experience. Addressing these factors is essential
to improve safety and enhance the operational risk
assessments of marine pilots in Lagos ports.
In addition to the factors discussed above, the
importance of human factors in the adoption of
innovative navigational aids among marine pilots
cannot be overstated. Research has shown that the
adoption of new technology is influenced by human
factors such as attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions
(Park et al., 2018). For example, if marine pilots
believe that their current operational practices are
effective and safe, they may be less likely to adopt
new technology.
Another critical aspect of the adoption of
innovative navigational aids is the level of training
and education available to marine pilots. Chen et al.
(2019) found that training and education programs
can significantly influence the adoption of new
technology. Pilots who receive adequate training and
education on the use of new technology are more
likely to adopt the technology and exhibit safer
behavior.
Furthermore, the regulatory environment can also
play a significant role in the adoption of new
technology among marine pilots. Chen et al. (2019)
found that regulatory support and incentives can
encourage the adoption of innovative navigational
aids. On the other hand, a lack of regulatory support
and incentives can hinder the adoption of new
technology, even if the technology offers clear safety
benefits.
Overall, the literature suggests that the adoption of
innovative navigational aids among marine pilots is
influenced by various socioeconomic factors,
including cost, awareness and knowledge, cultural
background and experience, human factors, training
and education, and the regulatory environment.
Understanding and addressing these factors can help
improve safety and enhance the operational risk
assessments of marine pilots in Lagos ports.
Conceptual framework with intext citations and
references-The impact of socioeconomic factors on the
operational risk assessments and adoption of
innovative navigational aids for better safety among
marine pilots in Lagos ports.
2.1 Conceptual Framework, theoretical and Empirical
Background
2.1.1 Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework for this study will be
based on the literature review and will consider the
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various socioeconomic factors that influence the
adoption of innovative navigational aids and
operational risk assessments among marine pilots in
Lagos ports. Figure.1 below shows the conceptual
framework for this study:
Cultural
Background and
Experience
Human Factors
NAVIGATIONAL
SAFETY
Socioeconomic Factors
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Socioeconomic and
Navigational Safety
As shown in the conceptual framework, the study
will consider the following socioeconomic factors:
1. Cost: The cost of acquiring and implementing new
technology is a critical factor that influences the
adoption of innovative navigational aids among
marine pilots. Cost includes the purchase price,
installation and maintenance costs, and the cost of
training and education.
2. Awareness and Knowledge: The level of awareness
and knowledge of marine pilots about new
technology is another critical factor that influences
their adoption. Awareness and knowledge refer to
the degree to which pilots are informed about the
technology and its benefits.
3. Cultural Background and Experience: Cultural
background and experience can influence the way
marine pilots perceive and use technology. For
instance, cultural differences may impact the
willingness of marine pilots to adopt new
technology.
4. Human Factors: Human factors such as attitudes,
beliefs, and perceptions can influence the adoption
of new technology. Pilots who believe that their
current practices are safe and effective may be less
likely to adopt new technology.
5. Training and Education: The level of training and
education available to marine pilots on the use of
new technology is a significant factor that
influences their adoption. Adequate training and
education can enhance the ability of marine pilots
to adopt new technology and exhibit safer
behavior.
6. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory
environment, including regulatory support and
incentives, can influence the adoption of new
technology among marine pilots. Regulatory
support and incentives can encourage the adoption
of innovative navigational aids, while a lack of
regulatory support and incentives can hinder
adoption.
The study will examine the relationship between
some of these socioeconomic factors and the adoption
of innovative navigational aids and operational risk
assessments among marine pilots in Lagos ports. The
conceptual framework will guide the research design
and analysis, including the selection of variables and
data collection methods.
2.1.2 Theoretical framework on Socio-economic factors
and operational risk assessment
The theoretical background for this study is based
on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
proposed by Davis (1989), which provides a
theoretical framework for understanding how users
perceive and adopt new technology. TAM suggests
that the perceived usefulness and ease of use of a new
technology are key determinants of its adoption. In
the context of this study, the perceived usefulness and
ease of use of innovative navigational aids and
operational risk assessments are likely to be
influenced by various socioeconomic factors.
Several studies have explored the relationship
between socioeconomic factors and the adoption of
technology in the maritime industry. For instance,
Chen et al. (2019) found that cost, awareness and
knowledge, and human factors were significant
predictors of ship operators' adoption of eco-
navigation technology. Similarly, Park et al. (2018)
identified cost, awareness and knowledge, and
regulatory environment as key determinants of the
adoption of intelligent transportation systems in the
shipping industry.
In the context of operational risk assessments,
several studies have explored the impact of
socioeconomic factors on safety culture and safety
management systems. For instance, Liao et al. (2019)
found that safety culture was significantly associated
with safety management systems among maritime
pilots in Taiwan. Similarly, a study by Hossain et al.
(2019) found that safety management systems were
significantly associated with safety outcomes in the
Bangladesh shipping industry.
These studies suggest that various socioeconomic
factors can significantly influence the adoption of
innovative navigational aids and operational risk
assessments, as well as safety culture and safety
management systems among marine pilots. The TAM
provides a theoretical framework for understanding
how these factors can influence the adoption of new
technology, and the literature review highlights the
importance of considering these factors in the context
of the maritime industry.
2.1.3 Theoretical background on adoption of innovative
navigational aids for better safety
A sound theoretical foundation for comprehending
how people react to and adopt new technology is
provided by the Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM). We can learn important things about what
influences marine pilots' adoption of cutting-edge
navigational aids by using TAM.
According to TAM, perceived utility and perceived
usability are crucial factors in determining whether a
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technology is adopted. Perceived usefulness describes
how much a technology is thought to improve
performance, whereas perceived ease of use describes
how much a technology is thought to be simple to
use. According to our research, novel navigational
aids may be viewed as valuable if they increase the
precision and effectiveness of marine pilots when
guiding ships through Lagos ports. It will also
improve the perceived ease of use if the technology is
user-friendly and simple to understand.
We can expand on earlier studies that looked at the
adoption of navigational aids by using TAM in the
maritime sector. For instance, Yu et al.'s (2018) study,
which looked into how mariners used TAM to adopt
e-navigation, discovered that perceived utility and
perceived simplicity of use were important predictors
of adoption. Similar to this study, Awoyemi et al.'s
(2017) investigation into the variables influencing the
adoption of the Electronic Chart Display and
Information System (ECDIS) among Nigerian marine
pilots identified perceived usefulness, ease of use, and
compatibility with existing technology as key
predictors of adoption.
These studies highlight the significance of taking
into account perceived utility and usability when
introducing novel navigational aids to marine pilots.
We can methodically assess and address these
problems by using the TAM framework, which will
increase the possibility of successful adoption and
enhance the safety of piloting ships through Lagos
ports.
Finally, the choice to use the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) is supported by its capacity
to offer a strong theoretical framework for
comprehending the uptake of cutting-edge
navigational aids. The TAM's focus on perceived
value and perceived usability fits in well with our
goals of enhancing safety through the adoption of
intuitive and efficient navigational aids. By utilising
prior research in the marine sector, we may get
important insights into the variables that affect
acceptance and improve our implementation tactics.
2.1.4 Empirical background on the impact of socio-
economic factors on operational risk assessment
There have been several empirical studies that
have examined the impact of socioeconomic factors on
operational risk assessments and adoption of
innovative navigational aids among marine pilots in
other contexts.
One study conducted by Tang et al. (2018) in China
investigated the impact of age, education level, and
experience on the adoption of e-navigation technology
among Chinese marine pilots. The study found that
education level was a significant predictor of the
adoption of e-navigation technology, with higher
levels of education leading to greater adoption of the
technology. Additionally, the study found that
experience and age had no significant impact on the
adoption of e-navigation technology.
Another study conducted by Hetherington and
Flin (2014) in the UK investigated the impact of crew
resource management (CRM) training on the risk
assessments of marine pilots. The study found that
CRM training significantly improved the ability of
marine pilots to identify and manage risks, and led to
a reduction in the number of incidents and accidents.
In a study conducted by Chawla and Chawla
(2019) in India, the authors examined the impact of
socioeconomic factors such as age, education, and
experience on the risk perception and decision-
making of marine pilots. The study found that age
and experience had a significant impact on risk
perception, while education had a significant impact
on decision-making.
These studies suggest that socioeconomic factors
such as education, experience, and age can have a
significant impact on the adoption of innovative
navigational aids and operational risk assessments
among marine pilots. It is important to consider these
factors in the context of Lagos ports and the Nigerian
maritime industry.
Another study by Wang and Wang (2018) in China
examined the impact of socioeconomic factors on the
safety behavior of marine pilots. The study found that
education level, age, and experience had a significant
impact on the safety behavior of marine pilots. Higher
levels of education and more experience were
associated with safer behavior, while older pilots were
found to be more risk averse.
A study by Tjandra and Wardhana (2018) in
Indonesia investigated the impact of education and
training on the performance of marine pilots. The
study found that education and training significantly
improved the performance of marine pilots, including
their ability to make accurate risk assessments and use
navigational aids effectively.
In a study by Brannigan and Nair (2015) in
Australia, the authors examined the impact of
socioeconomic factors on the adoption of electronic
chart display and information systems (ECDIS)
among marine pilots. The study found that age,
experience, and education level all had a significant
impact on the adoption of ECDIS. Specifically,
younger pilots with higher levels of education and
less experience were more likely to adopt ECDIS.
Overall, these empirical studies demonstrate the
importance of considering socioeconomic factors
when examining the impact of operational risk
assessments and adoption of innovative navigational
aids among marine pilots. education level, experience,
age, and training all play significant roles in
determining the attitudes and behaviors of marine
pilots, and should be taken into account when
developing safety policies and interventions in the
Nigerian maritime industry.
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
This study used a mixed-methods research approach
to investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on
the operational risk assessments and adoption of
innovative navigational aids among marine pilots in
Lagos ports. The approach involved both quantitative
and qualitative data collection and analysis (Creswell
& Plano Clark, 2018).
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3.1 Data Collection
The study used survey questionnaires and semi-
structured interviews to collect data from marine
pilots working in Lagos ports. The survey
questionnaires gathered quantitative data on the
socioeconomic factors that may impact the operational
risk assessments and adoption of innovative
navigational aids. The semi-structured interviews
collected qualitative data on the attitudes and
perceptions of marine pilots regarding the use of
navigational aids and their experiences with
operational risk assessments.
3.2 Sampling Frame and Sample Size
The sampling frame comprised all registered marine
pilots and pilot-in-training in Lagos ports. The
systematic random sampling technique was used to
select respondents. The sampling frame consisted of
485 pilots, including 178 fully registered pilots and
307 trainee pilots. The sample size was 244
respondents, with an additional 25 questionnaires
added to cover any unforeseen circumstances.
Therefore, a total of 300 questionnaires were
administered..
3.3 Scale Development
The research instrument was developed following
established patterns in the field and considering the
scales used in previous works that had demonstrated
their utility in measuring risk-taking in various
organizations (Hannock, 2015; Bran and Vaidis, 2020;
Turedi and Ozer-Caylan, 2021). Existing scales from
similar studies were leveraged and adapted to
develop the scales for the control variables. The
reliability and validity of the research instruments
were determined through the Cronbach alpha test for
each multi-item instrument. A Cronbach's alpha equal
to or higher than 0.70 indicated good scale reliability
(Churchill 1979; Simchi-Levi et al. 2003).
To develop leading maritime risk indicators and
incorporate them into a risk model, the framework
proposed by Park et al. (2019) was followed. This
framework involved three steps: defining inspection
points for onboard assessments, developing a
classification scheme for evaluating each inspection
point, and specifying an aggregation method for
combining the findings per inspection point into
leading risk indicators. This final step incorporated
results from onboard observations into a
mathematical model that calculated the risk level
based on the assessment results.
4 DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter focuses on presenting and analyzing the
results of the research. The first section specifically
delves into the examination of the socio-economic
profile of the participants in the study.
4.1 Frequency Distribution showing respondents’ social-
demographics
The results showed that the majority of respondents
were males (80.2%) while females made up 19.8% of
the participants. In terms of age, 28.2% of respondents
were between the ages of 28 and 37, 57.7% were
between 38 and 47, 12.3% were between 48 and 57,
and 1.8% were between 58 and 67. With regards to
marital status, 15.4% of respondents were single,
78.9% were married, 1.3% were separated, 2.6% were
divorced, and 1.8% were widowed. The educational
attainment of the respondents showed that 54.6% held
either a school leaving certificate or ordinary diploma,
34.9% held a higher diploma or first degree, 7.9% had
a master's degree, and 2.6% held a doctorate. In terms
of work experience, 36.6% of respondents had one
year of experience, 36.6% had two years, 18.4% had
three years, and 8.4% had four years. Other factors
considered included family size (mean value of 3.44),
and income (ranging from ₦1,600,000 to
₦4,500,000,000 with a mean value of ₦80019383.28). A
summary of these findings is presented in the
following table and discussed in the subsequent
section.
Table 1. Frequency Distribution showing respondents’
social-demographics
________________________________________________
Factors Options Frequency %
________________________________________________
Gender Male 182 80.2
Female 45 19.8
Total 227 100.0
Age 28 - 37 Years 64 28.2
38 - 47 years 131 57.7
48 - 57 years 28 12.3
58 - 67 years 4 1.8
Total 227 100.0
Marital Status Single 35 15.4
Married 179 78.9
Separated 3 1.3
Divorced 6 2.6
Widowed 4 1.8
Total 227 100.0
Highest Sch Cert./ OND 124 54.6
Qualification HND/ BSc 79 34.9
Masters 18 7.9
PhD 6 2.6
Total 227 100.0
Work Experience 1 year 83 36.6
2 years 83 36.6
3 years 42 18.4
4 years 19 8.4
Total 227 100.0
________________________________________________
Family Size Range = 0 to 10 Mean= 3.44, SD= 2.91
________________________________________________
Income per annum Range = ₦1,600,000 to ₦4,500,000,000,
(in Naira) Mean= 80019383.28 , SD= 513253361.57
________________________________________________
Table 1 presents the frequency distribution of the
respondents' socio-demographic characteristics. The
table indicates that 80.2% of the respondents were
male, while 19.8% were female. In terms of age, the
majority of the respondents (57.7%) were between 38
and 47 years, while only 1.8% were between 58 and 67
years. Regarding marital status, the majority of the
respondents (78.9%) were married, followed by single
(15.4%), divorced (2.6%), widowed (1.8%), and
separated (1.3%).
Furthermore, the table shows that 54.6% of the
respondents had a secondary school certificate or
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OND, while 34.9% had a HND/BSc degree. Only a few
respondents (7.9%) had a master's degree, and 2.6%
had a Ph.D. degree. The majority of the respondents
(36.6%) had 1-2 years of work experience, followed by
18.4% with 3 years of experience. The mean family
size of the respondents was 3.44, with a standard
deviation of 2.91.
The income per annum ranged from ₦1,600,000 to
₦4,500,000,000, with a mean income of ₦80,019,383.28
and a standard deviation of ₦513,253,361.57. The
results indicate that the respondents' socio-
demographic characteristics were diverse, which is
essential for a comprehensive study on the impact of
socioeconomic factors on operational risk assessments
and the adoption of innovative navigational aids for
better safety among marine pilots in Lagos ports.
4.2 Regression Analysis of relationships among the
variables
This section focuses on presenting and analyzing the
results of the research. This section specifically delves
into the relationships among the variables use in the
regression model the study.
Table 2. Regression Analysis of relationships among the
variables
________________________________________________
Predictors Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
β t β t β t
________________________________________________
Age .45 5.75** .47 6.08** .72 7.99**
Highest Educational .06 1.02 .04 .72 .03 .51
Qualification
Work Experience as -.53 -6.83**-.50 -6.55**-.59 -7.67**
Pilot/trainee
Income per annum -.01 -.22 .00 .03 -.03 -.51
(in Naira)
Readiness in utilizing .20 3.22** .18 2.43*
novel navigational aids
(RUNNA)
Age*RUNNA .40 4.84**
Work Experience*RUNNA -.16 -2.02
R .44 .49 .56
R
2
.20 .24 .31
ΔR
2
- .04 .07
Df 4,222 5,221 7,219
F 13.95** 13.71** 14.11**
ΔF - 10.39** 11.77**
Note: ** p < .01, * p < .05, N=227
________________________________________________
The table presents the results of a multiple
regression analysis that aimed to determine the
predictive ability of socioeconomic factors on the
operational risk assessments and adoption of
innovative navigational aids for better safety among
marine pilots in Lagos ports. The independent
variables included age, highest educational
qualification, work experience as a pilot/trainee, and
income per annum (in Naira), while the dependent
variable was readiness in utilizing novel navigational
aids (RUNNA).
The results indicate that age, work experience, and
RUNNA were significant predictors of the adoption of
innovative navigational aids. Specifically, in step 1,
age (β=.45, t=5.75, p<.01) and work experience (β=-.53,
t=-6.83, p<.01) were found to significantly predict the
adoption of innovative navigational aids. In step 2, the
highest educational qualification and income per
annum were added to the model, but they did not
significantly contribute to the prediction of the
outcome variable.
In step 3, the interaction terms of age*RUNNA and
work experience*RUNNA were added to the model,
and both were significant predictors of the adoption
of innovative navigational aids. The interaction term
of age*RUNNA (β=.40, t=4.84, p<.01) had a positive
relationship with the outcome variable, while the
interaction term of work experience*RUNNA (β=-.16,
t=-2.02, p<.05) had a negative relationship with the
outcome variable.
The overall model was significant (F=14.11, p<.01),
and the predictors accounted for 31% of the variance
in RUNNA. The ΔR2 and ΔF values suggest that the
inclusion of the interaction terms in step 3
significantly improved the model's predictive ability.
In summary, the results indicate that age and work
experience are significant predictors of the adoption
of innovative navigational aids, while income and
educational qualifications were not significant
predictors. The interaction effects of age*RUNNA and
work experience*RUNNA further indicate that the
relationship between these variables and the adoption
of innovative navigational aids is contingent on the
level of RUNNA.
4.3 Discussion on the relationship of the variable of the
study
The study investigated the impact of socioeconomic
factors on the operational risk assessments and
adoption of innovative navigational aids for better
safety among marine pilots in Lagos ports. The study
explored the relationship between socioeconomic
factors such as age, highest educational qualification,
work experience, and income per annum, and their
impact on marine pilots' operational risk assessments
and adoption of innovative navigational aids for
better safety in Lagos ports.
The results of the study revealed that age, work
experience, and readiness in utilizing novel
navigational aids were significant predictors of the
adoption of innovative navigational aids for better
safety among marine pilots in Lagos ports.
Specifically, older and more experienced marine pilots
were more likely to adopt innovative navigational
aids for better safety. Additionally, marine pilots who
demonstrated a higher readiness in utilizing novel
navigational aids were more likely to adopt them for
better safety.
The findings of the study suggest that marine
pilots' adoption of innovative navigational aids is
influenced by socioeconomic factors such as age, work
experience, and readiness in utilizing novel
navigational aids. Therefore, maritime organizations
should consider these factors when designing training
programs and interventions aimed at promoting the
adoption of innovative navigational aids for better
safety among marine pilots.
Moreover, the study provides valuable insights
into the challenges faced by marine pilots in Lagos
ports, particularly with regards to operational risk
assessments and the adoption of innovative
navigational aids. The findings highlight the need for
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maritime organizations to prioritize the development
and implementation of policies and guidelines that
promote the adoption of innovative navigational aids
for better safety in Lagos ports.
In conclusion, the study contributes to the existing
literature on the impact of socioeconomic factors on
the adoption of innovative navigational aids for better
safety among marine pilots. The findings provide
important implications for maritime organizations
and policymakers in the development of interventions
aimed at promoting the adoption of innovative
navigational aids for better safety among marine
pilots in Lagos ports.
5 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study aimed to investigate the
impact of socioeconomic factors on the operational
risk assessments and adoption of innovative
navigational aids for better safety among marine
pilots in Lagos ports. The study found that age, work
experience as a pilot or trainee, and readiness in
utilizing novel navigational aids were significant
predictors of the adoption of innovative navigational
aids among marine pilots. This implies that younger
pilots with more experience and a higher willingness
to utilize new technologies are more likely to adopt
innovative navigational aids for better safety.
Additionally, income and educational qualifications
were found to have no significant impact on the
adoption of innovative navigational aids.
The study underscores the need for policymakers
and maritime safety authorities to prioritize the
training of marine pilots on the use of innovative
navigational aids, particularly those that enhance
safety in the Lagos ports. The findings also suggest
that efforts to promote safety and efficiency in the
maritime industry must consider the socioeconomic
characteristics of marine pilots, including their age,
experience, and willingness to adopt new
technologies.
In conclusion, the study has provided valuable
insights into the socioeconomic factors that influence
the adoption of innovative navigational aids among
marine pilots in Lagos ports. The study's findings can
inform policies aimed at promoting safety and
efficiency in the maritime industry, particularly with
regards to the adoption of innovative technologies.
However, the study is not without limitations,
including the use of a cross-sectional design and a
relatively small sample size. Future research should
address these limitations and further investigate the
factors that influence the adoption of innovative
navigational aids among marine pilots.
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