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1 INTRODUCTION
Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) as a fourth‐generation
(4G) standard significantly improved the quality of
services(QoS)offeredinmobilenetworkscompared
to the previous ones: second (2G) and third‐
generation (3G) standards, i.e., Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM ) and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS),
respectively.
However, the improvement of
transmission speed and the commonness of data
transmission‐based services using the Internet
Protocol (IP) significantly impacted it. As a result,
newservicesbecamepopular,andolderones,suchas
voiceandvideotransmission,areimplementedusing
optimizedtechnologies,i.e.,voiceoverLTE(VoLTE)
andvideo
overLTE(ViLTE),respectively[1,2].
Currently,LTEisawidelyusedstandardinmobile
networks around the world. At the same time, for
several years, we have been observing the
dissemination of the recently developed fifth‐
generation(5G)standardcalledNewRadio(NR),also
known as IMT‐2020, i.e., International Mobile
Telecommunications (IMT) for 2020 and beyond [3].
Asa result,mostmobilenetwork operators (MNOs)
are also withdrawing support for older 2G and 3G
technologies and using the released radio resources
fortheneedsof4Gand5Gstandards.Thankstothis,
newer, more spectrally efficient radio and network
Naval Use Cases of 5G Technolog
y
D.Zmysłowski,P.Skokowski,K.Malon,K.Maślanka&J.M.Kelner
M
ilitaryUniversityofTechnology,Warsaw,Poland
ABSTRACT: Fifth‐generation (5G) technology is currently developing in mobile networks. The civilian 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard is the basis for this implementation. Higher throughput,
network capacity, user density, and lower latency are the main advantages offered by 5G over Long Term
Evolution
(LTE)andolderstandards.Forthisreason,theseadvantagesareincreasinglyrecognizedincritical
missionandmilitarysolutions.However,the5Gtechnologyutilizationinmilitaryequipmentrequiresadeep
analysis of the 3GPP standard, especially regarding technological gaps, security, and use cases. This is
particularly importantinusing communicationequipment
during armedconflicts. Suchequipment must be
characterizedbygreatersecurityandreliabilitythancivilianequipment.Currently,workandanalysesinthis
area are realized by the European Defence Agency (EDA), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Communications and Information Agency (NCIA), Allied Command Transformation (ACT), and NATO
ScienceandTechnologyOrganization
(STO).IntheInformationSystemsTechnology(IST)PaneloftheNATO
STO, the researchtask group(RTG)ʺIST‐187‐RTGon 5GTechnologiesApplication toNATOOperationsʺ is
working on this topic. This paper presents exemplary 5G use cases in the navy. We indicate potential
advantages,problems, and technological gaps
that should be solved beforeimplementing 5G technology in
navalsystems.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 17
Number 3
September 2023
DOI:10.12716/1001.17.03.11
596
technologies allow throughput and number of user
increasingalsoQoSimprovement[4,5].
5G NR is the next evolution of digital mobile
networks. For 5G, there is often talk of a
telecommunicationsrevolutionbecause5Gisreferred
not only to mobile networks but also to other
communication standards, including wired, fiber
optic, satellite, radio link, wireless Wi‐Fi networks,
etc. To emphasize the importance of the changes
introduced in 5G, many radio and network
technologies are mentioned that ensure the high
performance of thenew standard. The 5G standard,
like the standards of previous generations, is
developedbythe3rdGeneration
PartnershipProject
(3GPP). 3GPP is an international initiative bringing
togethermanystandardizationorganizations,national
telecommunications regulators, MNOs,
telecommunicationsequipmentvendors,universities,
and research and development (R&D) centers.
Developing new telecommunications standards,
particularlyprotocols,isthe3GPPgoalandmission.
Currently,3GPPisworkingonasixth‐generation(6G)
standard[6].
5G
NR is a civilian standard considering the
operation specificity of telecommunications systems
in peacetime. By design, MNOs and communication
system users adhere to the telecommunications law
applicable in a given country in peacetime. These
regulations, particularly those concerning the radio
spectrum,considerthearrangementsmadeduringthe
WorldRadiocommunicationConference.
Directuseofcivilianstandardsinmilitarysystems
is not possible because of several premises. Firstly,
military communication systems, by definition, are
dedicatedtowartime,whentelecommunicationslaw
maybeviolated.Thisismainlyrelatedtousingradio
system jamming, which is prohibited in peacetime.
Therefore, military communication systems must be
highlyreliableandresilienttointentionalinterference.
On the other hand, the transmission of sensitive
informationenforcesincreasedsystemsecurity.
Theattractivenessof5Gtechnologiesandthehigh
efficiencyof5GNRmobilesystemsmakeitnecessary
to consider the implementation of civil standards in
military systems [7–10]. Therefore, considering
the
aboveconditions,thecivilian5Gstandardiscurrently
being analyzed regarding its usefulness in military
applications.Forseveralyears,workinthisfieldhas
been carried out by the European Defense Agency
(EDA)andvariousbodiesoftheNorthAtlanticTreaty
Organization (NATO), i.a., NATO Communications
and Information Agency (NCIA),
NATO Industrial
Advisory Group (NIAG), NATO Allied Command
Transformation (ACT), NATO Science and
Technology Organization (STO), NATO Cooperative
Cyber DefenceCentre ofExcellence (CCDCOE),and
NATO Headquarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S).
Furthermore,intheInformationSystemsTechnology
(IST)PaneloftheNATOSTO,theresearchtaskgroup
(RTG)IST‐187‐RTG
on‘5GTechnologiesApplication
toNATOOperations’isworkingonthistopic.
This paper aims to present aspects of the work
carried out within EDA, NATO STO, and NCIA.
Mainly, we focus on potential 5G use cases in the
navy.Wearebased,i.a.,ontheworksofIST‐187‐RTG
and NCIA. Simultaneously, we highlight the Polish
contextconcerningcivilandmilitary5G.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
Section2describesthe5GNRintermsofadvantages,
5Gtechnologies,andusagescenarios.Asummaryof
theEDAandNATOSTOworksisincludedinSection
3.Section4presents5Gusecasesinthenavy.Finally,
conclusionsareprovidedinSection5.
2 5GNRSTANDARD
The5GNRstandard,similartothe2G/3G/4Gearlier,
is developed under the auspices of 3GPP. 3GPP
regularly issues technical specifications (TSs) and
technical reports (TRs) that define new or
update
existing general specifications for cellular systems.
The specifications are grouped into releases (Rel),
allowing the system to be built per the standard. In
thisway,thepossibilityofcooperationbetweenbase
station devices and user equipment (UE) is ensured
fordifferentvendors,operators,andcountries[11].
2.1 3GPPReleases
The LTE system and major enhancements, LTE
Advanced (LTE‐A) and LTE‐A Pro, were developed
underRel8–14specifications.LTE‐AProissometimes
calledthePre‐5Gstandard.The5Gstandardisbeing
developedinRel15‐21.Rel‐15describestheso‐called
5GBasic,Rel‐16,and
17–5GEvolution,whileRel18‐
21–5GAdvanced.Rel‐21willalready introducethe
6Gstandard(6GBasic).ThisisillustratedinFigure1
[12].Currently,Rel18 and19areopenwhile Rel 20
and 21 are planned, Rel 8‐17 are frozen, and older
Releases
are closed [11]. Figure 2 shows the main
technologiesdevelopedinRel15–18+[13].
Figure1.Evolutionof5G(source:[12]).
2.2 Advantages
Most works focused on 5G technologies, networks,
and systems indicate significant benefits from their
implementation.Themostimportantbenefitsinclude
[1,14–17]:
throughputupto20or10Gb/sfordownlinkand
uplink, respectively, when using the extremely
highfrequency(EHF)band;
throughputoftensofMb/sper
tensofthousands
ofusers;
data throughput of 100 Mb/s for metropolitan
areas;
throughput of 1 Gb/s for each employee on the
sameofficefloor;
greater network capacity‐up to 10,000 times
greater than today (and in laboratory conditions,
even30,000timesgreater);
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up to a 1,000‐fold increase in data volume per
geographicalarea,reaching thetargetvalue of 10
Mb/s/m2 (in the case of a hotspot in indoor
conditions);
ability to support several hundred thousand
simultaneousconnectionsofwirelesssensors(i.e.,
ultra‐densenetwork(UDN));
spectral efficiency significantly
increased
compared to 4G (peaks of 30 or 15 bit/s/Hz for
downlinkanduplink,respectively);
latencysignificantlyreducedcomparedtoLTE(up
to1ms);
increasedrange;
improvedsignalingefficiency;
maximummobility:500km/h.
However, it should be noted that the benefits
outlinedabovearenot
metsimultaneouslyforeachof
theconsideredusecasesdescribedinSection2.4.
Figure2.Main5Greleases(source:Qualcomm,via[13]).
2.3 5Gtechnologies
Behind the success of the 5G standard are several
radioandnetworktechnologiesthatareimplemented
inmobilenetworks.Amongthe crucial technologies,
wecandistinguish,e.g.,[1,14–17]:
beamforming and massive multiple‐input‐
multiple‐output(MIMO);
millimeterwaves(mmWaves);
software‐defined network (SDN), network
functions
virtualization(NFV);
self‐organizing network (SON), multi‐access edge
computing(MEC);
networkslicing;
cloud,fog,andedgecomputing;
cloudradioaccessnetwork(C‐RAN);
flexible physical layer (PHY) design, integrated
accessandbackhaul(IAB);
InternetofThings(IoT),massiveIoT,UDN;
fullduplex,
machine‐to‐machine(M2M),device‐to‐
device (D2D), vehicle‐to‐everything (V2X), and
energyharvesting(EH)communications;
radio resource management (RRM), dynamic
spectrumaccess(DSA),
interferencemitigation;
visiblelightcommunication(VLC);
bigdataanddatamining;
artificialintelligence(AI)algorithmsandmethods,
including machine learning (ML)
and deep
learning(DL);
augmentationreality(AR)andvirtualreality(VR),
mixed reality (MR), extended reality, or
multisensoryextendedreality(XR).
Implementing the new technologies in 5G
networksmadeitpossibletoachievethevisionofthe
so‐called smart car, smart home, smart city, smart
health,smartgrid,
etc.,whichareinextricablylinked
tothe5Gconcept.
In 5G,various multiple access techniques will be
used, including orthogonal frequency‐division
multiplexing (OFDM), filtered OFDM (FOFDM),
pattern division multiple access (PDMA), multi‐user
shared access (MUSA), interleave division multiple
access(IDMA), sparsecodemultipleaccess (SCMA),
non‐orthogonalmultipleaccess
(NOMA),newcoding
and modulation techniques, e.g., filter bank multi‐
carrier modulation (FBMC), frequency and
quadrature amplitude modulation (FQAM), low
density spreading (LDS). In addition, depending on
the frequency ranges used (i.e., radio bands), 5G
mobile networks will use a time division duplex
(TDD) or frequency division duplex (FDD) as
a
techniqueforaccessingtheradionetwork.
Itisworthnotingthatmanyofthesetechnologies
have been developed much longer than the 5G
standard, e.g., SDN, NFV, or OFDM. Moreover,
massive MIMO can also be an example of the
technology already being developed in LTE‐A Pro
under full‐dimension
MIMO (FD‐MIMO) [18,19].
Despite this, the abovementioned technologies have
beencollectivelycalled‘5Gtechnologies’.
2.4 Usagescenarios
Oneofthefirstcoherentvisionsof the5Gsystemis
presentedintherecommendationoftheInternational
Telecommunication Union (ITU) no. ITU‐R M.2083
[3].Inthiscase,threemain5G
usecasesaredefined:
enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) – a scenario
thattakesintoaccounttheuseofhighbandwidth,
whichisrequired,forexample,byAR/VR/MR/XR
technologies;
ultra‐reliable and low latency communications
(URLLC) – a scenario for mission‐critical
applicationsthatrequirea guaranteedconnection
andlow
latency;
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massivemachinetypecommunications(mMTC)–
ascenariothatconsidersusingahugenumberof
devices(massiveIoT,UDN).
Figure3presentsthemainthreeusecasesfor5G
technologies presented atthe verticesof the triangle
and other use scenarios whose location inside the
triangle illustrates the need
for adequate bandwidth
(eMBB), low latency(URLLC),or connectinga large
numberofdevices(mMTC)[3].
Individual use cases differ in crucial capabilities,
including network energyand spectrum efficiencies,
peak and user‐experienced data rates, area traffic
capacity, mobility, latency, and connection density.
The importance of key capabilities in different
5G
usage scenarios is shown in Figure 4 [3]. These key
capabilities were also used to compare the
effectiveness of 5G (IMT‐2020) with LTE (IMT
Advanced),asillustratedinFigure5[3].
Figure3.Usagescenariosof5G(source:[3]).
Figure4.Importanceofkeycapabilitiesindifferent5Guse
cases(source:[3]).
Figure5. Enhancement of key capabilities from LTE (IMT‐
Advanced)to5G(IMT‐2020)(source:[3]).
2.5 5GinPoland
In 2018, tests and implementation of the 5G system
began in Poland. In thesame year, theʺ5G Strategy
forPolandʺ[14]wasdevelopedbythePolishMinistry
of Digital Affairs. This document indicated the
importance of implementing 5G technologies and
systems for developing the Polish civil
telecommunicationsmarket.
Inthefirststageofimplementingthe5Gstandard,
MNOs implement the so‐called 5G NR non‐
standalone (NSA) standard, the network part of
which is based on the LTE standard. In the longer
term, the 5G NR standalone (SA) standard will be
implemented. MNOs offer their users
the basic
functionalitiesof5GsystemsonLTEbands.
A significant problem in the 5G network
development was the lack of allocation of radio
resources in the C band (i.e., 3.4÷3.8 GHz). In
December2022,a5Gauctionfortheaforementioned
radio resources was launched [20]. The regulator of
the Polish
telecommunications market, the Office of
Electronic Communications, is also preparing to
announceatenderforthe700and800MHzfrequency
bands to ensure increased coverage with the 5G
network.
3 MILITARYASPECTSOF5G
Thehighpotentialandefficiencyofthe5Gconcerning
LTE and older generationsof mobile
networks gave
animpulsetoundertakeanalysesintermsoftheuse
of 5G technologies in military communication
systems. The military operation specificity,
particularlyduringarmedconflicts,forcesthemilitary
communicationsystemstoensurehighreliabilityand
resilience to intentional interference, i.e., jamming.
Civil telecommunications standards and systems do
not offer
these features. Therefore, direct
implementation of the civilian 3GPP standard into
militarycommunicationsystemsisimpossible.Thus,
the undertaken analyses focus primarily on two
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aspects.Firstly,anindicationoftechnologicalgapsin
the civilian standard thatshould be removed before
implementation into military systems. In this case,
lookingforproperwaystoclosethesevulnerabilities
willbenecessary.Secondly,a significantissueisthe
designationofspecificusecasesof5Gtechnologies.It
is
worthnotingthatmilitaryusescenariosmaydiffer
fromcivilianones.
3.1 EDAworkshopson5Gfordefense
In 2019‐2020, the EDA Capability Technology
(CapTech) Communication Information Systems and
Networks (shortly CapTech Information) group
organized four workshops onʹ5G for defenseʹ.
Typically, such workshops aim to launch a
future
EDA project in a given topic area. In this case, the
workshop contributed to developing the document
“5Gtechnologiesfordefense”[21].
In this document, 5G usage and benefits for
defensehavebeendefined,including,i.a.,enhancing
soldier experience, improving shared governmental
use, and 5G usage in areas of deployed
facilities,
support,andbattlezone.
Theauthorsof[21]seeaproblemintheproduction
ofmilitarycommunicationequipment,which,dueto
thelimitedgroupofrecipients,isrelativelyexpensive
and small‐amount compared to commercial systems
and components for the civilian telecommunications
market.
However, they point out that ready‐
made 5G
technological building blocks, such as SON, SDN,
NFV, MEC, and MIMO, can be used in military
systems. On the other hand, the use of mmWaves,
beamforming,D2D,andIABtechnologiesmayallow
for the reduction of radio emissions and covert
transmission. Therefore, many benefits from
implementing5Gtechnologyin
military systemsare
noticeable.
Inaddition,inthecivilstandard3GPP,theauthors
ofthewhitepaper[21]diagnosedtechnologygapsin
thefollowingareas:
cloudsupport;
security;
centralization;
resilience;
networkintegration&interoperability;
identitymanagement;
massiveMIMO;
mmWaves;
Dopplereffect;
IAB;
D2Dcommunicationonthebattlefield;
integrationofsatellitetechnology.
Future military 5G projects will also be
implemented under the European Defense Fund
(EDF) under the auspices of the European
Commission(EC),e.g.,5GCOMPAD[22].
3.2 NATOSTORTGon5Gtechnologiesapplicationto
NATOoperations
In
2020,IST‐187‐RTGon‘5Gtechnologiesapplication
toNATOoperations’startedwork,establishedunder
theauspicesoftheISTPaneloftheNATOSTO.This
RTGwill workuntil2024,andtheresultofitswork
will be the report on “5th Generation International
Mobile Telecommunications (5G) Technologies
Application
to NATO Operations”, as well as
technologytrialsandtests.WorkatRTGcarriedout
infourObjectiveTeams(OBJs):
OBJ1‐slicing&MEC;
OBJ2‐massiveMIMO&fullduplex;
OBJ3‐extremelong‐rangecoverage;
OBJ3‐securitymechanisms;
thatfocus onspecific technology
areas. The workof
eachOBJfocusesonanalyzingthe3GPPstandardin
terms of technological gaps and assessing the
potential of using particular 5G technologies in
varioususagescenarios(seeFigure6).
ThestartingpointfortheworkoftheIST‐187‐RTG
wasthetechnicalreportofthe
exploratoryteam(ET)
IST‐ET‐096on‘Expeditionary5Gtechnology’entitled
“5Gtechnologies:Adefenseperspective”[23]andthe
document entitled “Potential of 5G technologies for
military application” prepared by NCIA employees
[24].
Figure6. 5G military use cases defined by IST‐187‐RTG
(source:IST‐187‐RTG).
Other international organizations, including
NATO bodies: NCIA, NIAG, ACT, CCDCOE, and
NHQC3S,arealsoanalyzingtheuseof5Gtechnology
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for military operations. The 2021 1st Workshop on
SecuringNATOMilitary5GNetworkshostedbythe
ACT and CCDCOE [25], the aforementioned report
[24], and the participation of employees of some of
these agencies in the works of IST‐187‐RTG are
examplesofthis.
3.3 5GinPolishArmy
Thepotentialofusing5Gtechnologieshasalsobeen
noticed in the Polish Armed Forces. However, the
document “5G Strategy for Poland” [14] did not
address the military aspects. Therefore, the Chief of
the General Staff of the Polish Army appointed a
group of experts whose task was to develop
the
“Conceptofusing5Gtechnologiesfortheneedsofthe
PolishArmedForces”[26].
Polish universities and companies are also
involved in the international activities of EDA
CapTech Information and NATO STO.
Representatives of the Military University of
Technology and ISN company (IS‐Wireless)
participatedin5Gworkshopsorganizedby
EDAand
helpeddevelop[21].Polandalsoactivelyparticipates
intheworksofIST‐187‐RTG.TheMilitaryUniversity
of Technology, Gdansk University of Technology,
WarsawUniversityofTechnology,thePolishbranch
of Nokia Solutions and Networks, and ISN have
representativesinthisRTG.
4 NAVALUSECASES
In[24],
threemarinescenarioshavebeendefined:
Scenario1.Navaltaskforce(seeFigure7);
Scenario2.Coastalorharborcommunications(see
Figure8);
Scenario3.Amphibious communications (see
Figure9).
Inmaritimescenarios,efficient5Gsystemswillbe
used mainly for line‐of‐sight (LOS) short‐range
communications,
whichwillbeimplementedbetween
several ships, ships and other floating objects (e.g.,
amphibious vehicles), or ships and coastal land
infrastructure.Twoofthesescenariosarealsoshown
in Figure 6, i.e., Scenarios 1 and 2 as ⑥ and ⑤,
respectively. The characteristics of these scenarios
werepresentedduringthe
conference:
2020 3rd Workshop on 5G Technologies for First
ResponderandTacticalNetworks[27];
2021 International Conference on Military
Communication and Information Systems
(ICMCIS)[28,29];
2022 18th Conference on Automation and
Exploitation of Control and Communication
Systems(ASMOR)[30].
Thepreviousworksarethebasisfordescribing
the
analyzedscenarios.Inthe finalpartofSection4, we
additionally address other aspects of using 5G
technologyinthenavy.
4.1 Scenario1.Navaltaskforce
Due to the specificity of maritime operations, naval
communicationsystemsarebasedprimarilyonlong‐
range communications, i.e., satellite communications
(SATCOM)andhigh
frequency (HF) beyondline‐of‐
sight (BLOS) communications. Figure 7 illustrates a
groupingofshipscarryingoutacommoncombattask
(i.e.,maritimeoperation)[24].
Figure7.Navaltaskforcescenario(source:[24]).
If the distances between ships provide LOS
conditions, then 5G systems can effectively
communicate between them. For this purpose, it
would be required to install a 5G base station, i.e.,
next‐generationnodeB(gNB),oneachship.ThegNBs
arrangedinthiswayformameshedLOSnetwork.In
this
case,itisproposedtouseIAB technologyandthe
sub‐6 GHz band. Such 5G connectivity will provide
high throughput and low latency thanks to
beamformingbackhauls[24,28,29].
4.2 Scenario2.Coastalorharborcommunications
Another scenario presented in Figure 8 is related to
theuseof5Gtechnology
forconnectivitybetweenthe
shipandland[24].
Figure8.Coastalorharborcommunicationscenario(source:
[24]).
Scenario2concernsasituationwheretheshipisin
a harbor or near the shore, which ensures LOS
conditions between the ship and the 5G land
infrastructure. In this case, 5G technology can
communicate with headquarters (HQ), harbor
command,etc.Furthermore,communicationbetween
land infrastructure elements and the ship (5G
NR
ship‐shorelink)canbecarriedoutvialandpublicor
private macrocell 5G gNB (e.g., multiband maritime
access point) and via gNB of another ship (i.e., 5G
sidelink ship‐ship) considering multi‐hops. In this
way, the shipʹs 5G network is connected to the 5G
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network on land, which enables the relief of
SATCOMs and quick exchange of information, e.g.,
withHQ[24,28,29].
4.3 Scenario3.Amphibiouscommunications
Figure 9 depicts the use of 5G communication
betweentheship,amphibious,andlandunits[24].
Figure9. Amphibious communication scenario (source:
[24]).
In Scenario 3, the use of lower frequency ranges
(e.g.,700MHz)by5GgNBontheshipwasproposed.
Thanks to this, the gNB range is increased (e.g., in
relation to the C band or NATO Band IV: 4.4÷5.0
GHz), and the possibility of ensuring connectivity
withsubdivisionsonland
(i.e.,withtheirEU),which
is essential in landing operations. In this case, using
theoffshore5Gnetworkisusuallyimpossible.Onthe
otherhand,thereisthepotentialfornon‐LOS(NLOS)
conditions to occur. In this way, tactical satellite
(TACSAT)andtacticalterrestrialcommunicationsare
relieved[24,29].
4.4
Otherscenarios
In [28], additional proof of concept requirements for
coastal communicationscenarios is presented,which
considerthefollowing:
two‐tier, point‐to‐multipoint (PTMP) and meshed
architecture;
multiplebandsupport;
the minimum coverage range of 15 km from the
shore station to maritime platforms and between
ships;
above 10 Mbit/s gross channel capacity, with
supportofIPdatatraffic;
suitableEUandgNBship‐borneequipment;
low latency access toapplications on the edgeof
the5Gnetwork;
active mitigation of electromagnetic (EM)
interference;
availability of highly integrated and easy‐to‐
operate
systemsbyunskilledpersonnel;
availability of dynamic and flexible network
topologies,enabledbysidelinkandIAB‐basedNR
communications;
theoptimalchoice ofoperatingband(andcarrier
aggregation schema) for the EM constraints and
propagationconditions;
continuous and reliable operation under
intentionalinterferences;
activereductionofEM
signature;
fullyautonomousmobilenetworking.
Whenanalyzingthepossibilitiesof5Gtechnology,
it is also worth noting the benefits of using higher
radio frequency ranges, i.e., EHF in particular
mmWaves, and optical communication, i.e., VLC.
Utilizing EHF and optical bands allows for a
significantreductionofEMsignatures.VLC
canbean
ideal solution to provide covert communication
between ships or between ship and offshore
infrastructure,i.e.,forScenarios1and2.Inthiscase,
good visibility and a calm sea must be present. The
shipʹs onboard connectivity can be implemented
usingmmWaves.
Given the nature of military operations,
reconnaissance,andelectronicwarfare(EW)systems
are always analyzed with communications systems.
EW systems are used to disrupt enemy
communications. Currently, work is underway to
develop effective jamming methods concerning civil
and future military 5G systems [10,31–35]. Jamming
systemsareessentialfromtheviewpointofEWships.
Otheraspectsof
using5Gand6Gtechnologiesin
maritime communications, along with using an
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), were presented,
among others, in[36,37]. The development direction
of maritime transport indicates that modern civilian
vesselsandmilitaryshipsusemoreandmoresensors,
also in the form of autonomous unmanned surface
(USV) or
unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV).
Fromthe5Gsystemviewpoint,modernshipscanbe
treated as smart vessels that will have to provide
connectivityformassiveIoT[38].
5 CONCLUSIONS
Currently,wearewitnessingarevolutiontakingplace
intheciviltelecommunicationsmarket.Thisisrelated
to introducing the 5G standard
in mobile networks.
The use of several new telecommunications
technologies, 5G technologies, has contributed to a
significant increase in the efficiency of provided
telecommunicationsservices.Therefore,itisplanned
to use these advantages in future military
communicationsystems.In thispaper, we presented
an analysis of the use of 5G standards
and
technologies in military solutions, particularly
concerningnavalusecases.Wepresentthepotential
possibilitiesof using 5G in severalmarine scenarios.
Inaddition,we introducedtheworkscarriedout by
international and national bodies responsible for
setting directions for the development of future
militarysystems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ThispaperistheresultofworkbymembersofIST‐187‐RTG
on ‘5G technologies application to NATO operations’
operatingwithintheISTPanelattheNATOSTO.
This work was financed by the Military University of
Technology under project no. UGB/22‐863/2023/WAT on
‘Modern technologies of wireless communication and
emitterlocalizationinvarioussystemapplications’.
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ABBREVIATIONS
2G secondgeneration
3G thirdgeneration
3GPP 3rdGenerationPartnershipProject
4G fourthgeneration
5G fifthgeneration
6G sixthgeneration
ACT AlliedCommandTransformation
AI artificialintelligence
AR augmentationreality
BLOS beyondline‐of‐sight
C‐RAN cloudradioaccessnetwork
C3 consultation,command,andcontrol
CapTech CapabilityTechnology
CCDCOE Cooperative
CyberDefenceCentreof
Excellence
D2D device‐to‐device
DL deeplearning
DSA dynamicspectrumaccess
EC EuropeanCommission
EDA EuropeanDefenceAgency
EDF EuropeanDefenceFund
EH energyharvesting
EHF extremelyhighfrequency
EM electromagnetic
eMBB enhancedmobilebroadband
ET exploratoryteam
EW electronicwarfare
FBMC filterbankmulti‐
carriermodulation
FD‐MIMO full‐dimensionMIMO
FDD frequencydivisionduplex
FOFDM filteredOFDM
FQAM frequencyandquadratureamplitude
modulation
gNB nextgenerationnodeB(or5Gbasestation)
GSM GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications
HF highfrequency
HQ headquarter
IAB integratedaccessandbackhaul
IDMA interleavedivisionmultipleaccess
IMT
InternationalMobileTelecommunications
IMT‐2020 IMTfor2020andbeyond
IoT InternetofThings
IP InternetProtocol
IST InformationSystemsTechnology
ITU InternationalTelecommunicationUnion
LDS lowdensityspreading
LOS line‐of‐sight
LTE Long‐TermEvolution
LTE‐A LTEAdvanced
M2M machine‐to‐machine
MEC multi‐accessedgecomputing
MIMO massivemultiple‐input‐multiple‐output
ML machinelearning
mmWaves millimeterwaves
mMTC massivemachinetypecommunications
MNO mobilenetworkoperator
MR mixedreality
MUSA multi‐usersharedaccess
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
NCIA NATOCommunicationsandInformation
Agency
NFV networkfunctionsvirtualization
NHQC3S NATOHeadquartersC3Staff
NIAG NATO
IndustrialAdvisoryGroup
NLOS non‐line‐of‐sight
NOMA non‐orthogonalmultipleaccess
NR NewRadio
NSA non‐standalone
OFDM orthogonalfrequency‐divisionmultiplexing
PDMA patterndivisionmultipleaccess
PHY physicallayer
PTMP point‐to‐multipoint
QoS qualityofservice
RRM radioresourcemanagement
SA non‐standalone
SCMA sparsecode
multipleaccess
SDN software‐definednetwork
SON self‐organizingnetwork
Rel release
RRM radioresourcemanagement
RTG researchtaskgroup
SATCOM satellitecommunications
STO ScienceandTechnologyOrganization
TACSAT tacticalsatellite
TDD timedivisionduplex
TR technicalreport
TS technicalspecification
UAV unmannedaerialvehicle
UDN ultra‐densenetwork
UE user
equipment
UMTS UniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem
URLLC ultra‐reliableandlowlatencycommunications
USV unmannedsurfacevehicle
UUV unmannedunderwatervehicle
V2X vehicular‐to‐everything
ViLTE VideooverLTE
VLC visiblelightcommunication
VoLTE VoiceoverLTE
VR virtualreality
XR extendedreality(ormultisensoryextended
reality)
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