611
1 INTRODUCTION
The research described in the paper is the initial part
of the research into the impact of Port of Split marine
traffic on the environment and the city. The research
is similar to other researches [4, 6] trying to determine
best and most effective means to reduce overall
pollution. “The Port of Split is one of busiest marine
traffic regions in the Adriatic Sea and third largest
port in the Mediterranean“ [2, 9]. The Port of Split
consists of several geographically separated units or
basins situated at different locations around the city
[8] (Figure 1).
Four of the basins are designated for the
international marine traffic:
− Gradska luka basin, or City harbour basin is part
of the Port of Split situated near the centre of the
city. There are 27 berths for various ship size with
maximal draught of 10.5 meters [8].
− Vranjic-Solin basin, is situated at the, 4 kilometres
north from centre of the city. It is called also
“Sjeverna luka” (Northern harbour). There are 8
berths with maximal draught of 10.3 meters [8].
− Kaštela B basin is situated at the northern part of
the Kaštela Bay, at the place called Kaštel Sućurac.
There are 5 berths for ships with draught of 6.8 to
8.5 meters [8].
− Kaštela C basin is situated at the north eastern part
of the Kaštela Bay, at the place called Sv Kajo.
There are 8 berths for ships with draught of 4.0 to
10.5 meters [8].
As the article is considering the international
marine traffic air pollutant emission distribution,
only above listed four basins will be analysed in the
article. Kaštela basins A and D are not included in
this analysis due to their predestined purpose for
national traffic.
Distribution of the International Marine Traffic Air
Pollutant Emissions in the Port of Split
L. Mihanović
1
, B. Lalić
2
, K. Bratić
2
& L. Stazić
2
1
Croatian Military Academy "Dr Franjo Tuđman", Zagreb, Croatia
2
University of Split, Split, Croatia
ABSTRACT: The paper describes the initial part of the research into the impact of the Port of Split marine traffic
on the environment and the city. The Port of Split is situated in the middle of the Adriatic Sea and it is one of
busiest marine traffic regions in the Mediterranean. The Port consists of six geographically separated basins,
two of them for smaller vessels, other four for the international marine traffic. The paper presents type and size
of vessels in basins, engine size, stay in Port and finally quantity of the international marine traffic air pollutant
emission per each basin. The distribution
of the international marine traffic and its air pollutant emission
pinpoint exactly main sources of the emissions in the area around the city and its dependency on various factors
linked to the vessels, showing that the city is encircled by with multiple pollution sources.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 15
Number 3
September 2021
DOI: 10.12716/1001.15.03.15
612
Figure 1. Port of Split basins
There is also limit of the size of vessels in this
analysis. To exclude numerous smaller vessels like
fishing boats and yachts, all vessels smaller than
500 GT are removed from this inventory.
2 THE METHODOLOGY
The Port of Split international marine traffic air
pollutant emission is the sum of emissions per basins,
given in the Equation 1:
Total Gradska luka Vranjic Solin Kastela B Kastela C
EE E E E
−
= + ++
(1)
where:
E - Emission
Air pollutant emission calculation used in this
paper is using the ship engines’ power [11] and is
recommended by the EMEP/EEA (2009) air pollutant
emission inventory guidebook [3]. That method is
called a full bottom-up model because “emission
evaluation is bottom up, and the geographical
characterization of emissions is bottom-up’’ [5, 12]. To
enable this model, extensive data about ship and ship
movement in the port has been collected, obtaining
the information from the Split port authority [6] and
Port of Split [10].
Air pollutant emission is calculated separately for
each basin, for manoeuvring and for whole period on
berth (so called hotelling). Manoeuvring to and from
the berth is calculated separately in order to quantify
the air pollutant emission according to the activity of
the vessel. Manoeuvring air pollutant emission is
calculated according to equation [11]:
( ) ( )
)
maneuvering ME AE
D
E ME LF EF AE LF EF
v
=⋅ ⋅ ⋅+⋅ ⋅
(2)
where:
D – Distance travelled (NM),
v – Average ship speed (knots),
ME – Main engine power (kW),
LF
ME – Main engine load factor (%),
AE – Auxiliary engine power (kW),
LF
AE – Auxiliary engines load factor (%),
EF – Emission factor, vary on the type of fuel and the
engine speed (g/kWh).
Main engine and auxiliary engines load factors are
taken from the methodology recommendations [3,
11], as well as emission factors. Both papers [3, 11] are
recommending same factors which vary upon engine
size, type of fuel, type of engine, engine
manufacturing year,…. Manoeuvring distances for
the Port of Split are calculated as a distance between
pilot boarding station (cca 0.5 Nm in front of Gradska
luka) and basins. Manoeuvring distances for the Port
of Split are given in the Table 1:
Table 1. Manoeuvring in Port of Split [based on [9]]
_______________________________________________
Berthing point Manoeuvring distance
_______________________________________________
Gradska luka basin 0.5 Nm
Vranjic-Solin basin 6.93 Nm
Kaštela B basin 5.67 Nm
Kaštela C basin 6.52 Nm
_______________________________________________
Following the recommendation of the
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at
Sea [1], the manoeuvring speed in the Port of Split
and approach is reduced to 6-8 knots [7]. During stay
in the port ships are emitting the following air
pollutant emission:
[ ]
hotelling AE
E T AE LF EF=⋅⋅ ⋅
(3)
where:
T – Average time at berth (h).
3 STATISTICS OF ARRIVALS PER BASINS
Gradska luka is passenger port and only passenger
ships are visiting Gradska luka basin. Table 2 shows
total number of arrivals of cruise ships in 2017 and
2018; value in brackets is giving the percentage of
overall arrivals in the Port of Split in that year.
Table 2. International cruise vessels in the Port of Split
_______________________________________________
Gradska luka basin
_______________________________________________
2017 2018
_______________________________________________
Cruise ships 232 247
Percentage of all arrivals (%) 29.97 32.58%
Average time in port [h] 15.91 15.52
Average engine size [kW] 14980
19970
_______________________________________________
Table 3 is presenting data of cargo ships in the
international marine traffic, sorted according to
basins. All tables have fields with average time in
port and average engine size which will be used later
in discussion.
Table 3. International cargo marine traffic in the Port of
Split
_______________________________________________
Basin: Vranjic-Solin Kaštela C Kaštela B
Ship type 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018
Bulk Carrier 97 80 12 10 221 172
Tanker nil nil 115 122 nil 1
Container 39 40 nil nil 1 nil
General/other 20 52 23 6 14 28
Total 156 172 150 138 236 201
_______________________________________________
Percentage of all 20.16% 22.69% 19.38% 18.21% 30.49% 26.52%
arrivals
Average time in
54.66 47.10 29.21 25.46 36.89 44.03
port [h]
Average engine
3486 3663 1816 1729 1243 1141
size [kW]
_______________________________________________
613
4 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION IN 2017 AND 2018
The calculation of manoeuvring air pollutant
emissions is performed according to Equations 2 and
3, using average manoeuvring speed of 8 knots, while
the manoeuvring distance (d) is changed according to
data given in Table 1.
Table 4. Air pollutants in Port of Split in 2017 [9]
_______________________________________________
Tons Manoeuvring In port
SOx PM NOx SOx PM NOx
_______________________________________________
Gradska luka 0.65 0.63 18.07 10.09 9.84 283.45
Kaštela B 0.04 0.04 1.21 0.32 0.31 9.74
Kaštela C 0.03 0.03 0.95 0.36 0.35 9.83
Vranjic-Solin 0.06 0.06 1.82 0.44 0.43 13.60
_______________________________________________
Total 0.78 0.76 22.05 11.21 10.93 316.62
_______________________________________________
When all emissions are added together, total air
pollutant emission of the international marine traffic
in 2017 in the Port of Split was:
− SOx – 11.99 ton,
− PM – 11.69 ton,
− NOx – 338.67 ton.
Table 5. Air pollutants in Port of Split in 2018
_______________________________________________
Tons Maneuvering In port
SOx PM NOx SOx PM NOx
_______________________________________________
Gradska luka 0.91 0.89 25.04 13.36 13.03 365.73
Kaštela B 0.03 0.03 0.99 0.29 0.29 8.86
Kaštela C 0.03 0.03 0.81 0.30 0.29 8.17
Vranjic-Solin 0.05 0.05 1.65 0.47 0.46 13.78
_______________________________________________
Total 1.02 1.00 28.49 14.42 14.07 396.54
_______________________________________________
Total air pollutant emission of the international
marine traffic in 2018 in the Port of Split was:
− SOx – 15.44 ton,
− PM – 15.07 ton,
− NOx – 425.03 ton.
5 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION DISTRIBUTION
Distribution of the NOx air pollution emission is
presented in Figures 2 and 3, respectively for each
year separately. Other pollutants share for each basin
is very similar to the presented NOx air pollution
distribution.
Figure 2. Distribution of NOx emissions in 2017
Figure 3. Distribution of NOx emissions in 2018
From Figures 2 and 3 it is visible that overall air
pollutant emission distribution changed from 2017 to
2018. Gradska luka basin, as a berthing port for cruise
vessels increased its share of the pollution to from
89% to 92%. All other basins decreased their share of
the air pollutant emission despite the fact that there
was a slight increase of the overall air pollutant
emission in the Vranjic-Solin basin.
6 DISCUSSION
Results presented in Tables 4 and 5 show significant
increase of over 25% of the overall air pollutant
emissions in the period of one year. Tables 2 and 3
give the reason of this increase. Although overall
international marine traffic in 2018 in the Port of Split
slightly decreased, from 774 to 758 arrivals (the
decrease of 2%), there was an increase of the arrivals
of cruise vessels, as it is visible on the Figure 4. Cruise
traffic share of arrivals raised 2.5% to close to one
third of all international marine arrivals in 2018.
Figure 4. Arrivals in Port of Split
Average time in port is compared on the Figure 5
and shows that values changed, but the overall
change is not significant.
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Figure 5. Average time in port [h]
The last analysed parameter give the real reason
for the increase of the overall air pollutant emission
of the international marine traffic in the 2018. As it is
visible on the Figure 6, the average size of cruise
vessels engines increased significantly from around
15000 kW to close to 20000 kW.
Figure 6. Average engine size [kW] in 2017 and 2018
This reason, together with the increased number of
cruise vessels arriving to the Port of Split caused
mentioned increase of the air pollutant emission.
7 CONCLUSION
Total air pollutant emission of international marine
traffic in Port of Split increased from 2017 to 2018 by
more than 25%. At the same time, overall number of
arrivals in the international marine traffic decreased
by 2% while stay in port changed only slightly, not
causing mentioned increase of the air pollutant
emission.
That increase is explained in the increase of the
number of overall cruise vessels arrivals in 2018,
combined with the increase of the ship and engine
size (cruise ship engine size increased by 33% in
2018).
Distribution of the air pollutant sources is in line
with above presented facts. Due to the much larger
engine size (5-10 times larger, depends of the basin)
and much larger fuel consumption, majority of the air
pollutant emission sources is concentrated in the
Gradska luka basin, where 89% of all international
marine traffic air pollutant emission was released in
2017. In 2018 that percentage increased tom 92%,
followed with the increase off the size of vessels and
respectively engines.
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